Stowe MS 746

Vol. IV. (ff. 146). 1678-1690.

1. [John Skeffington, 2nd Viscount] Massereene, to Sir E. Dering, on public affairs in Ireland; Dublin, 18 May, 1678. f. 1.

2. William Lodge, the artist, to Henry [Giles]; London, 9 Nov. 1678. f. 3.

3. Jo. Assheton, Henry Marsden, and Tho. Heber, to Lord Fairfax, on the capture of a suspected Jesuit; Gisborne, 17 Dec. 1678. f. 4.

4. [Margaret, widow of Capt. Thomas] Danby [Mayor of Leeds], to John Thoresby, respecting the living of Wattlow; 10 Jan. 1678 [9]. f. 6.

5. [Sir] H[enry] Goodricke, Bart., M.P. for Boroughbridge, to Lord Fairfax, on the dissolution of Parliament: "The Parliament is dissolved. His Ma^ty last night declared it in Councell. His discourse was to this purpose, 'I am resolved to disolve this Parliament, and have not consulted you, knowing how vain it is, when people are more afraid of it then of myselfe. The factions amongst themselves has rendred it uselesse and dangerous, but I will call another within the legall time . . .'";London, 25 Jan. 167⁸/₉. f. 7.

6. Capt. Edward Hales to Sir E. Dering, 2nd Bart., on the election for Hythe, etc. ; 27 Jan. 167⁸/₉-27 July, 1679. ff. 9, 13, 19.

7. [Sir] William Honywood, 2nd Bart., to the same, on the election for Hythe; Hythe, 1 Feb. 1678 [9]. f 1 0. With draft of the answer, 6 Feb. f. 11.

8. Elizabeth Honywood, widow of Sir Edward Honywood, lst Bart., to Sir Miles Coock, on the same subject; 3 Feb. 1678 [9]. f. 15.

9. Address of the electors of co. York to Charles, Lord Clifford, and Henry, Lord Fairfax, testifying to their "fidelity and activity for the service of our King and country in the Parliament which began at Westminster, 6^th of March, 1678 [9]," and re-electing them by an "uncontradicted choyse"; [Sept. 1679]. Endorsed "Capt. Pickering." f. 16.

10. [Sir Allen Apsley] to Lord -, on public affairs; [circ. 1678]. f. 17.

11. [Sir] Hugh Cholmley, of Whitby, Bart., to Sir E. Dering, principally on money matters; 14 Apr. 1680-28 Feb. 1683[4]. Ten letters. ff. 25, 61, 65, 68, 76, 80-85.

12. [Sir] Robert Southwell to his father-in-law, Sir E. Dering: "For my owne part, I am entirely convinced that, unlesse France comes againe with fire and sword into the bowells of Germany, this Electour will not step a foote from his resolution of neutrallity," etc. ; Berlin, ¹¹/₂₁ July, 1680. f. 28.

13. Treasury Commissioner..; to the "Commissioners of His Majesty's Monthly Assessments for the County of Flint" and to the Sheriff of Flint, relating to forfeitures out of the estates of Popish recusants; Whitehall, 21 July, 1680. Signed by Laurence Hyde [Earl of Rochester, 1682], Sir John Ernle, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir E. Dering, Bart., Sidney Godolphin, and Sir Stephen Fox. ff. 30, 32.

14. Ezerel Tonge, D.D., (a) to Sir Thomas Clarges, Knt., relating to a charge of libel by the former against Sir E. Dering; 16 Nov. 1680. f. 35;-(b) to his brother, Capt. John Tonge; 17 Nov. 1680. f. 38; -(c) to Sir E. Dering; 17 Nov. 1680. f. 40.

15. The inhabitants of Lydd, co. Kent, to Julius Deedes, Mayor of Hythe, asking him to represent to Sir E. Dering the worthless character of one Reginald Baxter, acting as "a searcher and seisor of woolls and other prohibited comodities" under Capt. Hall of Rye, a patent officer of the Customs, although he "hath not taken the oath nor received the Sacrament according to the Act of Parliament for preventing dangers which may happen by popish recusants," etc.; Lydd, 22 Feb. 1680 [l]. f. 45.

16. [Sir] Henry Oxenden, of Dene, Bart., (a) to Sir E. Dering, on county matters; Dene, 2 Dec. 1681. f. 48;-(b) in conjunction with Sir James Oxenden, Kilt., M.P. for Sandwich, to the same, asking him to support - Coombs a candidate for the mayoralty of Sandwich; Deane, 5 Dec. 1681. f. 49.

17. E[lizabeth] R[odes] to - on her religious experiences; Houghton, 24 Dec. 1681. f. 50.

18. [Sir] George Mackenzie, Bart., Lord Advocate, to Archbishop Sancroft, citing arguments relating to legitimated children in Scotland being preferred to younger but lawfully begotten children 31 Dec. 1681. f. 52.

19. George Keith, the Quaker, to Richard Harrison, of Balls, co. Herts, asking his favour at the Quarter Sessions, and enclosing "a small printed treatise"; Theobalds, 1 April, 1682. f. 54.

20. J[ames] Smith to Henry Giles, at York, on scientific subjects: London, 15 July, 10 Aug. 1682, n. d. ff. 57, 59, 60.

21. F[rancis] Place, engraver, etc., to Henry Giles, principally on the subject of glass-painting; London, 17 July, 1683, 22 July, 1688. ff. 70, 102.

22. [Sir] Leoline Jenkins, Secretary of State, to [John Fell, Bishop of Oxford] relating to a petition to Charles II. from the Mayor and Corporation of Oxford concerning their charter; Windsor, 27 Aug. 1683. f. 71.

23. [Sir] E. Dering, 2nd Bart., to Sir Hugh Cholmey; London, 27 Nov. 1683. Draft. f. 78.

24. William Stoughton, Governor of New England, to Richard Streton; Boston, 5, 8 May, 1684. ff. 89, 89 b.

25. [Jean Foy] Vaillant, Numismatist, to -, on the production of M. [Jean] Hardouin's Nummi antiqui and the mistakes therein, etc.

2 Dec. 1684. f. 91.

26. Henry Dodwell (a) to -, on the works of St. Irenæus; St. Asaph, 29 Jan. 168⁴/₅. f. 93;-(b) to Bishop Ken, relating to the Oath of Allegiance; n. d. Copy. f. 116;-(c) to [George Hooper], Dean of Canterbury; Oxford, 12 May, 1691. Copy. f. 140;-

(d) to [William Lloyd], Bishop of St. Asaph, "now elect of Coventry and Lichfield"; [1692]. Copy. f. 142. On the same and additional leaves are also copies of:-(e) Declaration of John Lake, Bishop of Chichester, on his deathbed, of his devotion to the Church of England and the doctrine of Nonresistance; 27 Aug. 1689. f. 116 b;-(f) Declaration by George Hickes, Dean of Worcester, maintaining his right to his office; 2 May, 1691. f. 141 b;-(g) "Dr. Sanderson's [Robert Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln] Paper and Censure." f. 145;-(h) "A brief Resolution of the grand case of conscience, concerning the Allegiance due to a Prince ejected by force out of his kingdom, and how far the subjects may comply with a present usurpt power, London, 1650." (For another copy see Add. 32,093, f. 272.) f. 145 b.

27. Thomas Yarburgh to William Lowther, of Swillington, giving an account of the King's death ; London, 7 Feb. 1684 [5]. f. 94.

28. M[artin] Lister, M.D., to Henry Giles; London, 8 Jan. 1685 [6]. f. 9 7.

29. P[ierce] Tempest, Engraver and Printseller, to Francis Place; London, 9 Jan. 168⁵/₆,. f. 98.

30. B- Tyndall to [George Saville], Marquis of H[alifax]: "When you sate at the helme, you were the happiest man of the nation, because you were the best minister and the best patriot," etc.; Newark, 18 Apr. 1686. f. 99.

31. W- Thursby to a Bishup, relating to "M^r [Barnabas] Oley's charity to the poore vicars " in his diocese; Middle Temple, 3 June, 1686. f. 100.

32. [,Sir] Christopher Wren, as Surveyor-General of the Royal Works, to John Etty, of York, respecting a description drawn up for the King of the Palace of Berwick; "Office of the Workes," 5 Apr.. 1688. f. 101 33. C[astilion] Morris, Town Clerk of Leeds, undertaking to "assist and contribute to the election of such members to sit in Parliament as (by the principle of the Church of England) are of knowne loyaltie to the King," etc.; Leeds, 15 Aug. 1688. f. 103.

34. James Bonnell, Accountant-General of Ireland, to his cousin, Rev. John Strype; Dublin, 17 Nov. 1688, 19 Apr. 1689. The second letter is imperfect, and begins, "With the King [James II.] came over the Bp. of Chester, Dr. Cartwright, of whom the clergy here was a little shy. But the Bp. of Meath, the only Bp. left in these parts (I reckon not our Primate, being decrepid), was civil to him. The colledg, of which the Bp. of M. is standing Vice- Chan^r, and the clergy of these parts wayted with the said Bp. on the King, who receiv'd them graciously, and promised them protection, [saying] that he was satisfied the principles of the Ch. of England were loyal," etc. ff. 106, 111.

35. Col. R[obert] Byerley, M.P. for Knaresborough in 1695, etc., to William Lowther; 29 March, 1689. f. 109.

36. Jasper Blythman, Recorder of Leeds, to [Michael] Idle, Alderman of Leeds, with a list of fees for private Acts of Parliament, etc.; 13 Apr. 1689-27 Sept. 1690. ff. 110, 128, 136.

37. John Ray, botanist, to Dr. Martin Lister; Black Notley, 5 Aug. 1689. f. 113.

38. [Sir.] Thomas Gower, 3rd Bart., to Sir Will. Lowther; Stitnam, 16 Aug. 1689. f. 114.

39. Walter Calverley, to Sir Will. Lowther; Eshould [Esholt], Sept. 1689. f. 117.

40. [Sir] Joseph Williamson to Sir Jonathan Atkins, Knt., expressing his readiness to serve Mr. [Thomas ?] Orfevre at Queen's College. etc. ; London, 24 Oct. 1689. f. 119.

41. Jonathan Jenings, Sheriff of co. York, to the Justices of Peace, bidding them put in execution the laws for disarming Papists, etc.; York, 21 Dec. 1689. f. 123.

42. [Sir] John Kaye, Bart., M.P. for co. York, to William Massy, Mayor of Leeds, on the impending dissolution of Parliament; 6 Feb. 1689 [90], 1 May, 1690. ff. 124, 127.

43. Ursula Rokeby [wife of Justice Sir Thomas Rokeby] to Thomas Hutton, on political matters, etc.; 6 Mar. 1689 [90], 22 Sept. 1690. ff. 125, 135.

44. [Sir] J[ohn] Bland, Bart., M.P. for Pontefract, to Lieut. Kirk, with information as to disaffected persons; 21 July, 1690. f. 129.

45. [Sir] R[obert] Sawyer to William Pettite, of the Inner Temple, enclosing Treasury letters relating to the Commissioner for the Inner Temple; Highclere, 24 July, 1690. f. 130.

46. Thomas Kirke, of Cookridge, to Thomas, Lord Fairfax, on the seizure of Papists, etc.; Cookridge, 25 July, 1690, n.d. ff. 132, 133.

47. Thomas Dixon to Michael Idle, Mayor of Leeds, in London, sending Leeds news; Leeds, All Saints [l Nov.], 1690. f. 138.

48. George Fox, Founder of the Society of Friends (ob. 1690): explanation of types from the Old Testament, sc. "Arones linen breches he put them one when he went into the tabernakell, that his nakednes was not seene; and the prist fine linen garments was a tipe of the righteous of Christ, which is the fien lining of Christ that hee puteth upon his sents [saints]," etc. With a note by Ralph Thoresby, the antiquary, stating that the paper was given to him by Mrs. Bland, of Beeston, 26 May, 1709. Printed by A. C. Bickley, George Fox, 1884, p. 389. f. 139.

includes:

• f. 1 John Skeffington, 2nd Viscount Massereene: Letters to Sir E. Dering: 1665-1670, 1678.
• f. 3 Henry Giles: Letter from W. Lodge: 1678.
• f. 3 William Lodge: Letter to H. Giles: 1678.
• f. 4 John Assheton: Letter to Lord Fairfax: 1678.
• f. 4 Thomas Heber: Letter to Sir E. Dering: 1678.
• f. 4 Henry Fairfax, Baron Fairfax: Letter from J. Assheton and others: 1678.
• f. 6 Margaret Danby, widow of Captain T Danby: Letter to J. Thoresby: 1679.
• f. 6 John Thoresby: Letter to, form M. Danby: 1679.
• f. 7 Henry Fairfax, Baron Fairfax: Letters to, from Sir H. Goodricke: 1675, 1677.
• f. 7 Sir Henry Goodricke, Baronet: Letters to Lord Fairfax: 1675, 1679.
• ff. 9, 10, 13, 19, 25, 28, 40, 48, 49, 61, 65, 68, 76, 80-85 Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet: Letters to, from Sir H. Finch and others: 1656-1684.
• ff. 9, 13, 19 Edward Hales, Captain: Letters to Sir E. Dering: 1679.
• ff. 9-19 Hythe, Kent: Letters on the election at: 1679.
• f. 10 Sir William Honywood, 2nd Baronet: Letter to Sir E. Dering: 1679.
• f. 12 John Kennett: Letter to Sir E. Dering: 1678.
• f. 15 Elizabeth Honywood, widow of Sir E Honywood, Baronet: Letter to Sir M. Coock: 1679.
• f. 15 Sir Miles Coock: Letter to, from Lady Honywood: 1679.
• f. 16 Charles Boyle, Lord Clifford, and (1698) 2nd Earl of Burlington: Address to, from the electors of co. York: 1679.
• f. 16 Henry Fairfax, Baron Fairfax: Address to, from the electors of co. York: 1679.
• f. 16 County of York: Address of the electors to Lords Clifford and Fairfax: 1679.
• f. 17 Sir Allen Apsley: Letter to Lord -: circ. 1678.
• f. 21 Captain Job Wyborne: Letter to -: 1679.
• f. 22 Reverend George Plaxton: Letter to, from Sir W. Leveson Gower: 1680.
• f. 22 Sir William Leveson-Gower, Baronet: Letter to G. Plaxton: 1680.
• f. 23 Captain Edward Widdrington: Letter to R. Thoresby: 1680.
• f. 24 Thomas Hutton, of Poppleton: Letter to -: 1680.
• ff. 25, 61, 65, 68, 76-85 Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 4th Baronet; Govemor of Tangier: Correspondence with Sir E. Dering: 1680-1684.
• f. 26 David Loggan: Letter to - Croxall: 1680.
• f. 26 Croxall, Engraver: Letter to, from D. Loggan: 1680.
• f. 27 George Rawdon: Letter to T. Kirke: 1680.
• f. 28 Sir Robert Southwell, Clerk of the Privy Council: Letter to Sir E. Dering: 1680.
• ff. 30, 32 Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin: Treasury letters signed by: 1680, 1696.
• ff. 30, 32 County of Flint: Treasury letters relating to forfeited estates of popish recusants in: 1680.
• ff. 30, 32 Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester: Treasury letters signed by: 1680.
• ff. 30, 32 Sir John Ernle, Chancellor of the Exchequer: Treasury letter signed by: 1680.
• ff. 30, 32 Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet: Treasury letters signed by: 1680.
• ff. 30, 32 Sir Stephen Fox: Treasury letters signed by: 1680.
• ff. 34, 37 John Lambert: Letters to H. Gyles: 1680.
• f. 35 Ezerel Tonge, DD: Letter to Sir T Clarges: 1680.
• f. 35 Sir Thomas Clarges: Letter to, from E. Tonge: 1680.
• f. 38 Ezerel Tonge, DD: Letter to Capt. J. Tonge: 1680.
• f. 40 Ezerel Tonge, DD: Letter to Sir E. Dering: 1680.
• f. 42 Samuel Simpson: Letter to -: 1680.
• f. 43 Ann Pegge: Letter to -: 1680.
• f. 45 Lydd, Kent: Letter from the inhabitants to the Mayor of Hythe: 1681.
• f. 45 Julius Deedes, Captain: Letter to, as Mayor of Hythe, from the town of Lydd: 1681.
• f. 45 Reginald Baxter, Customs officer at Lydd: Conduct of: 1681.
• f. 47 Thomas Taylor: Letters to Sir E. Dering: 1670-1681.
• ff. 48, 49 Sir Henry Oxenden, Baronet; of Dene: Letters to Sir E. Dering: 1681.
• f. 49 Sir James Oxenden, Baronet; MP for Sandwich: Letter to Sir E. Dering: 1681.
• f. 50 Elizabeth Rodes: Letters to: 1676, 1681.
• f. 52 William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury: Letter to, from Sir G. Mackenzie: 1681.
• f. 52 Law OF ENGLAND: Arguments on succession of legitimatized children in Scotland: 1681.
• f. 52 Sir George Mackenzie, Baronet; Lord Advocate: Letter to Archbp. Sancroft: 1681.
• f. 54 George Keith, Quaker: Letter to R. Harrison: 1682.
• f. 54 Richard Harrison, of Balls: Letter to, from G. Keith: 1682.
• f. 56 William Shaw: Letter to E. Hickson: 1682.
• ff. 56, 63, 64 Elkanah Hickson, of Leeds: Letters to, from W. Shaw and others: 1682.
• ff. 57, 59, 60 Henry Giles: Letters from J. Smith: 1682.
• ff. 57, 59, 60 James Smith: Letters to H. Giles: 1682.
• f. 63 de La Force: Letter to E. Hickson: 1682.
• f. 64 John Banister: Letter to E. Hickson: 1682.
• f. 67 Richard Sykes: Letter to C. Goodall: 1683.
• f. 69 Charles Goodall: Letter to R. Sykes: 1683.
• ff. 70, 102 Francis Place, engraver: Letters to H. Giles: 1683, 1688, 1694.
• ff. 70, 102 Glass-painting: Letters of F. Place on: 1683, 1688.
• ff. 70, 102 Henry Giles: Letters from F. Place: 1683-1694.
• f. 71 John Fell, DD, Dean of Christ Church, Bishop of Oxford (1676): Letter to, from Sir L. Jenkins: 1683.
• f. 71 Sir Leoline Jenkins, Secretary of State: Letter to Bp. Fell: 1683.
• f. 71 City of Oxford: Letter conc. the petition to Charles II. from the Mayor and Corporation: 1683.
• ff. 75, 87 Robert Midgley: Letters to his brothers Ralph and Samuel Midgley: 1683, 1684.
• f. 78 Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet: Letter to Sir H. Cholmley: 1683.: Draft.
• f. 86 Henry Fanshawe: Letter to -: 1684.
• ff. 89, 89 b William Stoughton, Governor of New England: Letters to R. Streton: 1684.
• f. 91 Jean Hardouin: Reference to his "Nummi Antiqui": 1684.
• f. 91 Jean Foy Vaillant, Numismatist: Letter to -: 1684.
• ff. 93, 116, 140, 142 Henry Dodwell: Letters to Bp. Ken and others: 1685-1692.: Copies.
• f. 94 Thomas Yarburgh: Letter to W. Lowther: 1685.
• f. 94 Charles II of England: Account of his death: 1685.
• f. 95 Mordecai Moxon: Letter to - Hill: 1685.
• f. 96 Sir Francis Cobbe: Letter to -: 1685.
• f. 97 Martin Lister, MD: Letter to H. Giles: 1686.
• f. 97 Henry Giles: Letter from M. Lister: 1686.
• f. 98 Pierce Tempest, Engraver and Printseller: Letter to F. Place: 1686.
• f. 98 Francis Place, engraver: Letter to, from P. Tempest: 1686.
• f. 99 George Savile, Viscount Halifax; Earl 1679; Marquis 1682, of Halifax: Letter to, from B. Tyndall: 1686.
• f. 99 B- Tyndall: Letter to Lord Halifax: 1686.
• f. 100 W- Thursby: Letter to Bp. -: 1686.
• f. 101 John Etty, of York: Letter to, from Sir C. Wren: 1688.
• f. 101 Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland: Letter of Sir C. Wren conc. the palace at: 1688.
• f. 101 Sir Christopher Wren, architect: Letter to J. Etty: 1688.
• f. 103 Castilion Morris, Town Clerk of Leeds: Declaration of loyalty to the King: 1688.
• f. 105 George London: Letter to T. Kirke: 1688.
• ff. 106, 111 John Strype, historian: Letters to, from J. Bonnell: 1688, 1689.
• ff. 106, 111 James Bonnell, Accountant-General of Ireland: Letters to Rev. J. Strype: 1688, 1689.
• f. 107 Henry Layton: Letters to -: 1689-1695.
• f. 108 Francis Bedingfield: Letter to -Thorsby: 1689.
• f. 109 Colonel Robert Byerley: Letter to W. Lowther: 1689.
• f. 110 England; Parliament: Fees for a private Act of Parliament: 1689.
• ff. 110, 128, 136 Jasper Blythman, Recorder of Leeds: Letters to M. Idle: 1689-1690.
• ff. 110, 128, 136, 138 Michael Idle, Alderman of Leeds: Letters to, from J. Blythman and others: 1689-96.
• f. 111 Thomas Cartwright, Bishop of Chester: Accompanies Jas. II. to Ireland: 1689.
• f. 111 James II of England: Account of his reception in Ireland by the clergy: 1689.
• f. 112 Reverend Timothy Manlove: Letter to, from Sir P. Gell: 1689.
• f. 112 Sir Philip Gell, Baronet: Letter to Rev. T. Manlove: 1689.
• f. 113 John Ray, Botanist: Letter to Dr. M. Lister: 1689.
• f. 113 Martin Lister, MD: Letter to, from J. Ray: 1689.
• f. 114 Sir Thomas Gower, 2nd Baronet; of Stittenham, county Yorkshire: Letter to Sir W. Lowther: 1689.
• f. 116 Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells (ob. 1711): Letter to, from H. Dodwell: n.d.
• f. 116 b John Lake, Bishop of Chichester 1685: Declaration on his death-bed: 1689.: Copy.
• f. 117 Walter Calverley: Letter to Sir W. Lowther: 1689.
• f. 119 Sir Jonathan Atkins: Letter to, from Sir J. Williamson: 1689.
• f. 119 Sir Joseph Williamson, Secretary of State, etc: Letter to Sir J. Atkins: 1689.
• f. 121 Joseph Washington: Letter to J. Sykes: 1689.
• f. 123 County of York: Enforcement of the law for disarming papists: 1689.
• f. 123 Jonathan Jenings, Sheriff of county Yorkshire: Letter to the Justices of Peace: 1689.
• ff. 124, 127 William Massy, Mayor of Leeds: Letters to, from Sir J. Kaye: 1690.
• ff. 124, 127 John Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln: Letters to W. Massy: 1690.
• ff. 125, 135 Thomas Hutton, of Poppleton: Letters to, from U. Rokeby: 1690.
• ff. 125,135 Ursula Rokeby, wife of Sir T Rokeby: Letters to T. Hutton: 1690-1704.
• f. 129 Sir John Bland, Baronet; MP for Pontefract: Letters to T. Kirke: 1690, 1704.
• f. 130 Sir Robert Sawyer, Speaker of the House of Commons; Attorney-General: Letter to W. Petyt: 1690.
• f. 130 William Petyt, Keeper of the Records in the Tower: Letter to, from Sir R. Sawyer: 1690.
• ff. 132, 133 Captain Thomas Fairfax, 5th Baron Fairfax (1685): Letter to, from T. Kirke: 1690.
• ff. 132, 133 Thomas Kirke, of Cookridge: Letters to Lord Fairfax: 1690.
• f. 138 Thomas Dixon, Mayor of Leeds: Letter to M. Idle: 1690.
• f. 139 Ralph Thoresby, antiquary: Note on writing of G. Fox: 1709.
• f. 139 George Fox, Quaker: Explanation of types from the Old Testament: 17th cent.
• f. 140 George Hooper, Bishop of Bath and Wells: Letter to, from H. Dodwell: 1691.
• f. 141 b George Hickes, DD, Dean of Worcester: Defends his right to his office: 1691.
• f. 142 William Lloyd, Bishop of St Asaph and of Lichfield and Coventry: Letter to, from H. Dodwell: 1692.
• f. 145 b Political Tracts: Tract conc. Allegiance due to a Prince ejected out of his Kingdom: 1650.
• f. 146 Robert Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln 1660: Paper on submission to the government: circ. 1650.: Copy.