Hard-coded id of currently selected item: . JSON version of its record is available from Blacklight on e.g. ??
Metadata associated with selected item should appear here...
Royal MS 19 D III
- Record Id:
- 040-002107626
- Hierarchy Root Ancestor Record Id:
- 032-002105724
- MDARK:
- ark:/81055/vdc_100000000338.0x000394
- LARK:
- SLARK:
- Format:
- ISAD(G)
- Reference (shelfmark):
- Royal MS 19 D III
- Title:
- Bible Historiale, Volumes 1 and 2, in the expanded early version (Grande Bible historiale complétée) and additional texts
- Scope & Content:
-
The Bible historiale complétée, Guyart des Moulins' expanded translation of Peter of Comestor's Historia Scolastica with prologues, is copied here together with several books from the Bible du xiiie siècle (the Paralipomena of Jeremiah and Ezra/Nehemiah) and other texts (lives of Julian the Apostate, Pilate and Judas and the Hystoires apocrifes of the True Cross) of which this is the only copy. This is therefore the only surviving manuscript containing Guyart's complete works. In addition there is a prologue to the Psalms by 'Brother Jean du Blois, of the Augustinian Order, master of Theology at Paris', according to the colophon (f. 256r). The work is divided into two volumes, the first ending with the Psalter (f. 288r) and the second beginning with Proverbs (f. 289r). For detailed contents see the entries for parts 1 and 2 and the description by Warner and Gilson (Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and King's Collections, 1921) in the 'Related Material' section of this catalogue entry, which compares the arrangement of the text to that of Royal 15 D III.
For the edition of ff. 1r-41r from this manuscript see Taguchi (The Historye of the Patriarks, 2010).
- Collection Area:
- Western Manuscripts
- Project / Collection:
- Royal Collection
- Hierarchy Record Ids:
- 032-002105724
040-002107626 - Is part of:
- Royal MS 1 A I-20 E X : Royal Manuscripts
Royal MS 19 D III : Bible Historiale, Volumes 1 and 2, in the expanded early version (Grande Bible historiale complétée) and additional texts - Contains:
- Royal MS 19 D III, ff 1r-288v : Bible Historiale, Volume 1, with prefaces and additional material
Royal MS 19 D III, ff 289r-604v : Bible historiale, Volume 2, with additional material including Saints' lives
Royal MS 19 D III, ff v-xi : Binding and flyleaves for volume 2 of the Bible Historiale, ff. 289r-604v
Click here to View / search full list of parts of Royal MS 19 D III - Hierarchy:
- 032-002105724[1773]/040-002107626
- Container:
- View / search within Archive / Collection: Royal MS 1 A I-20 E X
- Record Type (Level):
- File
- Extent:
-
A parchment codex bound in 2 volumes
- Digitised Content:
- http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Royal_MS_19_D_III (digital images currently unavailable)
- Thumbnail:
-

- Languages:
- French
- Scripts:
- Latin
- Start Date:
- 1411
- End Date:
- 1411
- Date Range:
- 1411
- Era:
- CE
- Access:
-
Please request the physical items you need using the online collection item request form.
Digitised items can be viewed online by clicking the thumbnail image or digitised content link.
Readers who have registered or renewed their pass since 21 March 2024 can request physical items prior to visiting the Library by completing
this request form.
Please enter the Reference (shelfmark) above on the request form.If your Reader Pass was issued before this date, you will need to visit the Library in London or Yorkshire to renew it before you can request items online. All manuscripts and archives must be consulted at the Library in London.
This catalogue record may describe a collection of items which cannot all be requested together. Please use the hierarchy viewer to navigate to individual items. Some items may be in use or restricted for other reasons. If you would like to check the availability, contact our Reference Services team, quoting the Reference (shelfmark) above.
- User Conditions:
-
Letter of introduction required to use this manuscript.
- Physical Characteristics:
-
Materials: Parchment codex.
Dimensions: 445 x 340mm (text space: 285 x 200mm).
Foliation: Part 1: ff. 288 ( plus 1 unfoliated paper and 1 unfoliated parchment flyleaf at the beginning and at the end); Part 2: ff. 316 (plus 1 unfoliated paper and 1 unfoliated parchment flyleaf at the beginning and at the end). Catchwords and bifolium signatures.
Collation: Part 1: i2 (ff. 1-2); ii-xxxvii8 (ff. 3-282); xxxviii6 (ff. 283-288). Part 2: i-xxix8(ff. 289-600); xxx6(ff. 601-604 + ii);
with catchwords and bifolium signatures, aa-az (ff. 3-186), afterwards irregularly.
Layout: Written in two columns of 54 lines.
Script: Gothic.
Binding: Post-1600. Royal library binding of brown leather with the royal arms and a date of 1757; gilt and coloured edges.
- Custodial History:
-
Origin: France, Central (Paris and Clairefontaine).
Provenance:
Thomas du Val, priest and canon of the Augustinian abbey in Clairefontaine, diocese of Chartres, written by him in February 1411: his colophon 'Cy fini lapocalipse qui est le darrenier / livre de la bible. escript et parfait par les / mains de frere thomas du val prestre et / chanoine profes de labbaye nostre dame de / clerefontaine ou dyocese de chartres. lan / de la nativite nostre s[eigneur] Ihesu crist mil. cccc. / et onze. 1411. Deo gracias le vendredi xxe / jour du mois de feuvrier. priez pour lui. (f. 604r).
?Shelfmark of a very large number in brown ink (Carley's 'Old Large Number') '76' (f. i recto).
The Old Royal Library (the English Royal Library): perhaps to be identified with 'La grant Bible' included in the list of books at Richmond Palace of 1535, no. 24; and in the catalogue of 1666, Royal Appendix 71, f. 14.
Presented to the British Museum by George II in 1757 as part of the Old Royal Library.
- Information About Copies:
-
Full digital coverage available for this manuscript: see Digitised Manuscripts at http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts.
Select digital coverage available for this manuscript, see Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/welcome.htm.
- Publications:
-
Walter de Gray Birch and Henry Jenner, Early Drawings and Illuminations: An Introduction to the Study of Illustrated Manuscripts (London: Bagster and Sons, 1879), p. 13.
Samuel Berger, La bible française au moyen âge (Paris: Champion, 1884), pp. 163, 179, 182-86, 206, 257, 392-93.
H. Omont, 'Les manuscrits français des rois d'Angleterre au château de Richmond', in Etudes romanes dédiés à Gaston Paris (Paris: É. Bouillon, 1891), pp. 1-13 (p. 9).
George F. Warner and Julius P. Gilson, Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and King’s Collections, 4 vols (London: British Museum, 1921), II, pp. 342-45, IV, pl. 112.
[J. A. Herbert], Guide to the Exhibited Manuscripts, part 3: Illuminated Manuscripts and Bindings of Manuscripts exhibited in The Grenville Library (Oxford: British Museum, 1923), no. 113.
Eric G. Millar, Souvenir de l’exposition de manuscrits français à peintures organisée a la Grenville Library, British Museum, en janvier-mars, 1932 (Paris: Société Française de Reproductions de Manuscrits à Peintures, 1933), p. 33, nos 43-44, pls XLIII,XLIV.
Rosy Schilling, 'The Master of Egerton 1070 (Hours of René d'Anjou), Scriptorium: Revue internationale des études relative aux manuscrits, 8 (1954) 272-82 (pp. 278 n. 23, 280).
Millard Meiss, 'The Exhibition of French Manuscripts of the XIII-XVI Centuries at the Bibliothèque Nationale', The Art Bulletin, 38 (1956), 187-96 (p. 195, no. 30).
Bernard Gagnebin, 'Le Tite-Live du duc de Berry', Genava, 7 (1959), pp. 193-214 (p. 199).
Millard Meiss, French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry: The Late XIV Century and the Patronage of the Duke, 2 vols, National Gallery of Art Kress Foundation Studies in the History of European Art, 2 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1967), pp. 12, 357, 363 n. 47, figs 312, 313.
D. J. A. Ross, 'Alexander Historiatus: A Supplement', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 30 (1967), 383-88 (p. 384).
C. Robinson, 'Vernacular Scriptures in France', in The Cambridge History of the Bible, ed. by G. Lampe, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1969), II, 449, 530.
Millard Meiss, Sharon Off Dunlap Smith and Elizabeth Home Beaton, French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry: The Limbourgs and Their Contemporaries, 2 vols (London: Thames and Hudson, 1974), p. 387.
Clive R. Sneddon, ‘'The Bible du XIIIe Siècle': Its Medieval Public in the Light of its Manuscript Tradition', in The Bible and Medieval Culture, Mediaevalia Lovaniensia, Series 1, 7 (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1979), pp. 127-40 (p. 129 n. 6, 131 n. 14).
Andrew G. Watson, Catalogue of Dated and Datable Manuscripts c. 700-1600 in The Department of Manuscripts: The British Library, 2 vols (London: British Library, 1979), I, no. 914.
Hugh Shields, 'Légendes religieuses en ancien français (ms. 951 de la Bibliothèque de Trinity College à Dublin)', Scriptorium: Revue internationale des études relative aux manuscrits, 34 (1980) 59-71 (p. 71).
Richard Kenneth Emmerson and Suzanne Lewis, 'Census and Bibliography of Medieval Manuscripts containing Apocalypse Illustrations, ca. 800-1500 III', Traditio: Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and Religion, 42 (1986), 443-72, no. 164.
Jonathan J. G. Alexander, 'Preliminary Marginal Drawings in Medieval Manuscripts, in Artistes, artisans et production artistique au Moyen Age: Colloque international, ed. by. Xavier Barral i Altet, 3 vols (Paris: Picard, 1986-90), III: Fabrication et consommation de l'oeuvre, pp. 307-19 (p. 310).
Jonathan J. G. Alexander, Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 186.
Janet Backhouse, The Illuminated Page: Ten Centuries of Manuscript Painting in the British Library (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), no. 129.
J. P. Carley, 'Marks in Books and the Libraries of Henry VIII', Papers: Bibliographical Society of America, 91 (1997), 583-606 (p. 606).
Eugenio Burgio, 'Guyart des Moulins e la Guerra Giudaica', in L'Antiquità nella cultura europea del medioevo/ L'Antiquité dans la culture européene du Moyen Age: Ergebnisse der internationalen Tagung in Padua (Greifswald: Reineke, 1998), pp. 269-84 (p. 278).
Eugenio Burgio, 'Ricerca sulla tradizione manoscritta delle vite antico-francesi di Giuda e di Pilato. III: Le Hystoires Apocrifes nella Bible Historiale', Annali de ca' Foscari, 37 (1998) 153-213 (pp. 153, 157-60).
The Libraries of King Henry VIII, ed. by J. P. Carley, Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues, 7 (London: The British Library, 2000), (?) H1.24.
Akiko Komada, 'Les illustrations de la Bible Historiale: les manuscrits réalisés dans le Nord', 4 vols (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université Paris IV, 2000), III, no. 41, pp. 773-74.
John Lowden, The Making of the Bibles Moralisées, 2 vols (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), II: The Book of Ruth, p. 256, n. 17.
Nigel Morgan, ‘French Interpretations of English Apocalpyses’, in England and the Continent in the Middle Ages: Studies in Memory of Andrew Martindale, Proceedings of the 1996 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. by John Mitchell and Matthew Moran, Harlaxton Medieval Studies, 8 (Stamford: Shaun Tyas, 2000), pp. 137-56 (p. 142).
Christopher de Hamel, The British Library Guide to Manuscript Illumination: History and Techniques (London: British Library, 2001), pl. 54.
The Splendor of the Word: Medieval and Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts at the New York Public Library, ed. by Jonathan J. G. Alexander, James H. Marrow, and Lucy Freeman Sandler (London: Harvey Miller, 2005), p. 107 n. 4 [exhibition catalogue].
Scot McKendrick and Kathleen Doyle, Bible Manuscripts: 1400 Years of Scribes and Scripture (London: British Library, 2007), p. 143, fig. 129.
Kathleen L. Scott, Tradition and Innovation in Later Medieval English Manuscripts (London: British Library, 2007), p. 156, n. 124.
Éléonore Fournié, 'Les Manuscrits de la Bible historiale: Présentation et catalogue raisonné d'une œuvre médiévale' L’Atelier du Centre de recherches historiques [En ligne], 03.2 | 2009, , accessed on 17 July 12.
Éléonore Fournié, 'Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bible historiale', L’Atelier du Centre de recherches historiques [En ligne], 03.2 | 2009, no. 46 , accessed on 17 July 12.
Mayumi Taguchi, The Historye of the Patriarks edited from Cambridge, St John's College MS G. 31 with Parallel Texts of the Historia Scholastica and the Bible Historiale (Heidelberg: Winter, 2010), pp. xxv, xxvii, xxx [edition of ff. 1r-41r].
Scot McKendrick, John Lowden, and Kathleen Doyle, Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination (London: British Library, 2011), no. 74 [exhibition catalogue].
- Material Type:
- Archives and Manuscripts
- Legal Status:
- Not Public Record(s)
- Names:
- George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1683-1760
Moulins, Guyard, author, canon of Saint-Pierre à Aire-sur-la-Lys, 1251-c 1322 - Related Material:
-
An extract from Warner and Gilson, Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and King’s Collections (1921):
THE SAME WORK [as Royal 19 D II], but in the more extended form to which Berger gives the name grande bible historiale (CL 15 D. III). Although, however, it belongs to this later class, it is of special importance in regard to the original work of Guyart des Moulins in as much as it contains portions of his writing or compilation which in other copies are replaced by portions of the biblical text (see Berger, pp. 163, 179, 182-186, 206, 257, 393). In two volumes, vol. i ending with the Psalter. As far as 2 (3) Esdras (vol. i, ff. 1-222 b) the arrangement agrees generally with 15 D. III (ff. 1-208 b), but from that point the chief differences are shown by the following table:-
15 D. III (1) Grand Job, without prologue. f. 209.
(2) Petit Job. f. 219 b.
(3) Tobit, without prologue. f. 220 b.
(4) Historical abstract of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel and Susanna. Preface beg. 'Or alons auant et reppairons a lystoire de Iherusalem'; text, 'Quant Nabugodonozor le roy de Babyloine ot fait Godolie souuerain'. f. 224 b.
(5) Judith. f. 236.
(6) Esther. f. 244.
(7) Histoires ajustées, without colophon. f. 248 b.
(8) Psalter and twelve canticles, with prefaces of Jean de Blois. Text beg. 'Beneoiz est li horns qui ne ala mie ou conseil des felons.' f. 125 b.
19 D. III, vol. i
(1) Tobit, with pref. of S. Jerome. 222 b.
(2) Judith. f. 226 b.
(3) Esther. f. 234b.
(4) 'Hystoires adjustees', from Ochus to Antiochus Epiphanes. Beg. 'Apres Assuere'; ends 'a le faire ainsi'. Colophon, 'Cy finent les hystoires de pluseurs roys qui sont continuees apres le liure Hester iusques aux Machabees'. f. 240.
(5) Petit Job. f. 243 b.
(6) Grand Job, with prefaces of S. Jerome. f. 244 b.
(7) Psalter and twelve canticles, with prefaces of Jean de Blois. Text beg. 'Benoit est lomme qui nest mye alez au conseil des mauuais'. f. 256.
(9-20) Proverbs, Ecclesiastes (pref. S. Jerome), Song, Wisdom (prologue S. Isidore), Ecclesiasticus, Isaiah (pref. S. Jerome), Jeremiah (ditto), Lamentations with prayer of Jeremiah, Baruch (prologue), Ezekiel (pref. S. Jerome), Daniel) two prologues), and Minor Prophets (with prologues). ff. 284 b- 410.
(21) 1 Maccabees, biblical text. Beg. 'Il auint apres ce que Alixandre le filz Phelippe le roy de Macedoine qui issi de la terre de Ethym'; ends 'prince des prestres apres son pere'. Prologue of S. Isidore. f. 410.
(22) 2 Maccabees, biblical text. Beg. 'Les Juifs qui sont en Iherusalem'. Prologues of Rabanus and a shorter one which beg. 'Les ii premiers liures de deuant dient des batailles'. f. 423.
(23) S. Matthew, biblical text, with the two most usual prologues, which beg. 'Mathieu de 'Judee', and 'Comme Mathieu preschast premierement'. f. 431.
(24) S. Mark, with prologue, beg. 'Marc leuuangeliste esleu de dieu'. f. 445.
(25) S. Luke, with prologue, beg. 'Lucas de la nacion de Syre'. f. 454 b.
(26) S. John, with prologue, beg. 'Icestui est Iehan leuuangeliste '. f. 470.
(27) Epistle to the Romans, wrongly rubricated as first ep. to the Corinthians, and preceded by arguments to 1 and 2 Cor. as well as to Romans. f. 481 b.
(28) 1 Cor., wrongly headed as second ep.; with argument repeated. f. 486 b.
(29) 2 Cor., wrongly headed as third ep.; with argument repeated. f. 491.
(30) Galatians, with argument. f. 494.
(31) Ephesians, with argument. f. 494 b.
(32) Philippians, with argument. f. 495 b.
(33) Colossians, with argument. f. 497 b.
(34, 35) 1, 2 Thessalonians, with arguments. ff. 499 b, 501.
(36) 1, 2 Timothy, with arguments. ff. 501 b, 504 (ff. 503, 504 are transposed in binding, as also ff. 505, 506).
(37) Titus, with argument. f. 503.
(38) Philemon, with argument. f. 503 b.
(39) Hebrews, with argument. f. 506.
(40) Acts, biblical text, with prologue, beg. 'Lucas dantioche de la nacion de Syre'. f. 508 b.
(41) Canonical epistles, with general preface of S. Jerome. 2 Peter is called 'Les epistres saint Symon apostre'. f. 520.
(42) Apocalypse, with preface, beg. 'Tous ceulx qui veullent viure debonnairement'. f. 525 b.
19 D. III, vol. ii
(8-19) Proverbs-end of Minor Prophets as in 15 D. III, nos. 9-20. ff. 289-428 b.
(20) 1 Maccabees, paraphrase by Guyart des Moulins. Beg. 'Apres ce que le fort roy Alixandre filz du roy Phelippe de Macedoine qui premier regna en Grece'; ends 'qui lauoit este deuant lui'. Prologue of S. Isidore. f. 428 b.
(21) 2 Maccabees, Des Moulins' paraphrase. Beg. 'Si comme le maistre dit es hystoires scolastiques'. Short prologue beg. 'Le premier liure des Machabees dit et racompte des batailles'. f. 442.
(22) 'Lystoire Jehan Hyrcan', Des Moulins' link between the Old and New Testaments. Beg. 'Apres la mort Symon frere ludas'; ends 'si comme vous trouuerez es faiz des apostres'. f. 451.
(23) 'Les euuangiles selon la bible et les hystoires', Des Moulins' harmony of the Gospels, combining the biblical narratives with the Historia Scholastica. Preface beg. 'Cy apres ensuiuent les euuangiles en la maniere que le maistre en histoires en raite; text, 'Pour ce que moult se sont efforciez'. Colophon, 'Cy fine lystoire euuangelique, cest adire les euuangiles selon lystire scolastique'. f. 456.
(24) Acts, similarly arranged by Des Moulins. Colophon, 'Cy finent les faiz des apostres selon la bible et selon les hystoires scolastiques translatees de latin en francois. et les translata sire Guiart des Moulins doian de leglise Saint Pierre daire en leueschie de Terouane'. f. 521 b.
(25) Julian the Apostate, and other apocryphal additions more fully described below. f. 522 b.
(26) Pauline epistles, in the usual order; but without arguments or prologues. f. 558 b.
(27) Canonical epistles, without prologue. f. 588.
(28) Apocalypse, without prologue. f. 594 b.
The 'Hystoires Apocrifes' (no. 25 in the right-hand column of the above list) inserted by Des Moulins at the end of the Acts of the Apostles are apparent peculiar to this MS., though there are cross-references to them in other MSS. (see Berger, pp. 176, 182-186 They are as follows:-(a) 'Cy commence la vie julian lapostat le mauuais empereur renye crestian, et comment le signe de la croix a grant vertu': how Julian stole a woman's gold and how he practised necromancy, and how he slew S. Judas Quiriacus who was raised from the dead, and how S. Justina repelled the emperor Cyprian; taken from the Rationale Divinorum Officiorum of John Beleth, cap. cxxv (Migne, Patr. Lat. ccii.
131). Beg. 'Quant la vraie croix fu trouuee'; ends mena tres sainte vie'. f. 552 b ;-(b) 'Cy apres ensuiuent aucunes hystoires apocrifes de la sainte croix', &c.: the legend of the Oil of Mercy and Wood of the Cross (see 8 D. IV, art. 5). Beg. 'Apres le pechie Adam nostre premier pere'; ends 'obeyssant a son pere iusques a la mort, a qui est loange, honeur et empire par tous les siecles des siecles. Amen'. f. 553;-(c) 'Vne autre oppinion de la vraie croix que ie trouuai en autres anciens liures. et est apocrife aussi comme la dessus ditte': the story of the Queen of Sheba's prophecy and the burial of the tree in the pool of Bethesda, not quite as in Legenda Aurea (Inv. of Cross). Beg. 'Ou temps du roy Dauid trouua vn homme en vne forest vn arbre'; ends 'crucifierent les Iuys nostre seigneur Ihesu Crist, qui vit et regne' (&c.). f. 555;-
(d) 'La vie du mauuais Pylate qui crucifia nostre seigneur Ihesu Crist. et est apocrife aussi comme les hystoires deuant dittes'; more full than in Legenda Aurea (Passio Domini) or in 8 E. XVII, art. 34, &c., and resembling rather the Latin text printed by F. J. Mone, Anzeiger für Kunde der teutschen Vorzeit, 1838, p. 526; but more than one source is used. Pilate's corpse was thrown 'en vn grant desert de coste Losanne', where it produced perpetual tempests till removed by prayers of S. Mamert, Bishop of Losanne (sic), 'en vn lointain desert es mons de Montgieu ou nul nabitoit de moult loing'. Beg. 'En vne cite qui est en Alemaigne qui est appelee Maience'; ends 'quil ne le pouoit ouyr nommer'. Colophon, 'Cy fine la vie du tres mauuais Pylate'. f. 555;-(e) 'La vie du tres mauuais Iudas qui trahi nostre seigneur Ihesu Crist. et est aussi apocrife comme les autres dessus dittes': from the Legenda Aurea (S. Matthias), cf. 8 E. XVII, art. 35, &c. This article was overlooked by Berger. Beg. 'Nous voulons briefment compter': ends 'espandirent les entrailles'. Colophon, 'Cy fine la vie Iudas le tres mauuais trahistre'. f. 558. At the end of the Apocalypse is the colophon for the whole MS., 'Cy fine lapocalipse, qui est le darrenier liure de la bible, escript et parfait par les mains de frere Thomas du Val prestre et chanoine profes de labbaye nostre dame de Clerefontaine [near Rambouillet, Seine-et-Oise] ou dyocese de Chartres. lan de la natiuite nostre seigneur Ihesu Crist. mil.cccc. et onze. 1411. Deo gracias. le vendredi. xxe. iour du mois de Feuurier. priez pour lui'.
Vellum; ff. 606, 'folio'd continuously (vol. ii beg. f. 289). 18 in. x 13 1/2 in. Written in France, A.D. 1411. Double columns of 55 lines. Gatherings of 8 leaves (i2, xxxvi7, end of vol. i, last4), with catchwords, lettered (ff. 3-186) aa-az, afterwards irregularly. Sec. fol. in vol. i, preface '-pecial amy', text 'Lescripture'; vol. ii, 'trouueras grace'. Illuminations in French style, fairly good initials and borders (gold ivy leaf); the larger miniatures with an inner border of more unusual style with larger foliage modelled against a gold ground, diversified with flowers, vases, birds, &c. The numerous miniatures (the Apocalypse is fully illustrated) are poorly drawn and without much taste in colour. A few slight notes for the illuminator remain in the margins.'