Mss Eur F699/1/1/1/19

Correspondence from John Russell Colvin. Letters numbered 1-45 with index and detailed summaries.

1. Letter from J R Colvin, 6 Mar 1856. Colvin congratulates Lord Canning on taking office, Colvin will do his best for the Supreme Government, and will be happy to communicate with Canning unofficially. Events in the districts under the North West Provinces administration are rarely likely to rise above their small provincial importance. Asks for approval for two appointments, Mr Unwin to be Judge of the Sudder Court at Agra, and Mr C Raikes to be Officiating Judge of the same Court. Sends a letter from Lord Dalhousie. Private. One paper annexed: Letter from Lord Dalhousie to J R Colvin, 20 Dec 1855, saying that no objection will be made to Raikes' appointment, but that the new 'Pharaoh' will have to be applied to. Private.

2. Letter from J R Colvin, 22 Apr 1856. Writes about Mr Jackson. His temper is much softened; he has previously been passed over for promotion because of his intemperate and insubordinate expressions in his official correspondence. He is an officer of much intelligence and energy. Colvin promoted Jackson, with strong warnings against giving way to his feelings. There have been complaints about his manner, but not violent complaints. He has a generous disposition which leads him readily to acknowledge and make reparation for his errors. His subordinates always like him, if they are active and capable. With colleagues he is inclined to be suspicious and touchy. He has a great deal of ability, though not of the highest order, and has had great experience in the administration of Upper India. Colvin will send more information if required. He does not know if the Chief Commissioner is entitled to exercise his authority over the Judicial and Financial Commissioners. Private.

3. Letter from J R Colvin, 5 May 1856. Colvin has heard that his nomination of Mr Muir to take Jackson's place in the Agra Revenue Board is approved (marked 'Telegraph Messages Received 7'). Mr Unwin will do the currency work of the Board until Muir joins. If Muir remains at the Board, Colvin wishes to appoint George Campbell, Officiating Commissioner, Cis-Sutlej States, to be Secretary to the Government. Private.

4. Letter from J R Colvin, 14 Jul 1856. Sends a letter from the Agent at Delhi reporting the death of the King's eldest son from cholera. The disease has been peculiarly severe at Agra; now the rains are steady and heavy, the disease is dying out. Lieutenant Chauncy, Acting Superintendent of the Telegraph has died of cholera. Mr Fraser had made satisfactory arrangements with the eldest son of the King of Delhi (now dead), as to all that is to be done when the old King dies. Private. One paper annexed: Letter from Mr Fraser, to J R Colvin, 11 Jul, reporting the death of the Heir Apparent. The King is well, but alarmed by the death of his son, and his attendants are prohibited from referring to the disease in his presence. The funeral has gone to the Kootab; a salute has been fired.

5. Letter from J R Colvin, 19 Jul 1856. States that the public Despatch on the course to be followed when the King of Delhi dies goes by this mail. Colvin is strongly of the opinion that the royal title should cease at the King's death. None of the surviving sons of the King has any claim of character or influence. The family should be treated with consideration and liberality, but more than this would be a mischievous as well as an uncalled for concession. Times and feelings have completely altered in India, since the Members of the Court of Directors who were opposed to abolition of the title were familiar with the country. Thinks that the personal allowance of the present eldest son need not be increased beyond 15,000 a month: but that might be left to Fraser's discretion. Sends a letter from Fraser. Private. One paper annexed: Letter from Mr Fraser to J R Colvin, Delhi, 15 Jul. Fraser has sent off his further report on the death of the Heir Apparent. The present heir is illegitimate, but so was the late heir, and the present King. The old King will not last long, he takes little interest in what is going. on, and would be glad to be left undisturbed by the intrigues around him. Wishes to make arrangements with the new heir, who need not be treated with as much consideration as the late Prince; if the new Prince demurs, wishes to offer him a personal allowance of 20,000 a month. The semblance of royalty need not be kept up further than recommended in Fraser's public letter. Cholera is still active, another son and a daughter of the King of Delhi have died.

6. Letter from J R Colvin, 21 Jul 1856. Sends a paper, showing how little regard is paid to legitimacy in succession to Mahommedan States or Chiefships. Private. One paper annexed: Copy of an official letter from Sir Theophilus Metcalfe, Agent to the Lieutenant Governor North West Provinces, Delhi, to C Allen, Officiating Secretary to Government, North West Provinces, at Agra, dated 5 Feb 1849, reporting that the Prince called Fukhr Ooddeen is believed to be illegitimate. His mother was of inferior rank, and if any marriage was performed it was of the secondary kind. In ordinary cases illegitimacy is no bar to succession.

7. Letter from J R Colvin, 5 Sep 1856. Colvin is glad a decision has been made by the Governor General on the Delhi question, doubtless it will be accepted at home, without comment. The late Heir Apparent was a man of respectable habits and of some liberal accomplishments. The next heir is a dull poor creature, and it would have been too much to take him from his 100 Rupees a month and his inert existence and set him up with the forms of royalty. Colvin will consider the question of amalgamating the services in the North West, the Punjab and Oudh as requested. At present there is a great shortage of officers during the sickly season. Mr Ricketts will submit proposals for equal pay for officers of the same grade as soon as he receives Sir John Lawrence's answer. Private.

8. Letter from J R Colvin, 16 Sep 1856. Colvin has received and replied to the Despatch about extending the choice for the charge of districts in the North West Provinces to junior officers in the Punjab and in Oudh. The measure will benefit the North West Provinces Government, though probably after salaries have been equalized, men will seek their promotion very generally in the Divisions in which they may be serving.

9. Letter from J R Colvin, 22 Sep 1856. Sends a letter from Mr Fraser at Delhi, and a copy of Colvin's reply. Private. Two letters annexed: 1. Letter from Mr Fraser to J R Colvin, Delhi, 18 Sep. Colvin thinks the orders of Government about Palace matters very satisfactory. He will not reply to the King's letter about the recognition of his heir, and has told the King's Vakeel that there will be a long delay while the matter is referred to England. The old King is well, and things are quiet. Fraser thinks increases in allowances to the King's sons should be left in abeyance as long as possible. Intends to replace Captain Currie temporarily by Lieutenant Stevenson, 33rd Native Infantry. 2. Copy of a letter from J R Colvin to Mr Fraser, Nynee Tal, 22 Sep, Colvin thinks the less said or done the better. But if the old King presses the point, Fraser should say that the adverse decision about Juwan Bukht's chances is final. Mirza Koeath's increase in allowance need not be considered at present. He would be poor stuff to make a king of. Private.

10. Letter from J R Colvin, 27 Sep 1856. Sends a letter from Fraser, Colvin has told him that his (Fraser's) language to the King was what Colvin would have wished. Private. One paper annexed: Letter from Mr Fraser to J R Colvin, Delhi, 25 Sept. The King of Delhi wished to send Jowan Bukht to the Governor General in Calcutta, to obtain recognition as Heir Apparent. Fraser replied that similar attempts had been unsuccessful in the past, that the previous answers had been that primogeniture must be respected, and that the proposed visit would do no good, and that the receipt of final orders from England should be awaited. Fraser told the King he thought it unlikely that Jowan Bukht would be recognised. Fraser believes the King does not mind who succeeds him. The publication of Lord Dalhousie's Minute in the 'Friend of India' has made them all aware of what is contemplated, and no doubt they realise that there will not be much more delay.

11. Letter from J R Colvin, 30 Oct 1856. Explains that he has nominated R B Morgan, Judge of Delhi, for the Sudder Court, and he has done so in a public letter because of the urgency of the question. Private.

12. Letter from J R Colvin, 4 Dec 1856. Sends a letter (not annexed) from Captain Ramsay Commissioner of Kumaon about reports of movements on the Nepal Frontier. Colvin attaches no importance to these reports. Asks if Sir James Outram is likely to return soon to Lucknow. A copy of Selections from Thomason's Despatches is being sent to Lord Canning. Marked: 'See Governor General's letter to Major Ramsay Katmandoo dated 9 Dec 1856 Number 65.' Private.

13. Letter from J R Colvin, 27 Jan 1857. Asks if Muir is likely to continue on the Agra Board so that he may carry out re-arrangements of posts in consequence. Asks if he may pay a private visit to Lucknow, which he has never seen. Private.

14. Letter from J R Colvin, 5 Feb 1857. Writes in reply that he will postpone his visit to Lucknow. Asks if the Governor General intends to employ Mr G Campbell. Comments on the Railway, and hopes the work from Chunar to Allahabad will be resumed. Private.

15. Letter from J R Colvin, 7 Feb 1857. Sends a letter from Mr Greathed, the Commissioner of Meerut. Private. One paper annexed: Letter from Mr Greathed to Mr Colvin, Camp, Meerut District, 1 Feb, reporting an interview with Jan Tishan Khan; he came with the special object of warning Greathed of the present state of political affairs in India, and prefaced his address with a recitation of the fruitless warnings he had given Mr Macnaghten about Kabul. His fears for the Government's safety rested on his belief that the Government intends to give up Peshawur to Dost Mahomed and annex Rajpootana. He said that with enemies at the gate the Government should take care to keep the inmates of the house as friends. He seemed relieved to hear that neither move was contemplated. Frequent reports of annexation have agitated the Rajpoots.

16. Letter from J R Colvin, 27 Apr 1857. Writes that his 1% 'cess' scheme for rural schools has been approved, and will bring much good. Colvin writes seldom to the Governor General, because things go so smoothly und quietly, there is scarcely ever a matter of special interest to bring to His Excellency's notice. A proposal for regulated aid to the Female Schools has been submitted to the Supreme Government. Expects that no answer has yet been received on the Delhi Royal question. Private.

17. Letter from J R Colvin, 30 Apr 1857. Sends a letter from Colonel Baird Smith which illustrates the sepoys' touchiness on matters affecting their caste. The device was probably begun by the Cawnpore traders to keep up their local prices. Believes the question to be one of social status rather than religion. The constant suspicion is probably because once caste is gone, the Hindus would find Christianity easy to adopt. Caste may also be cherished as the last sentiment of independence among a subject race. Cheap wheat will, of course, in the end be found to be pure. Private. One paper annexed: Letter from Colonel Baird Smith to Mr Colvin, Roorkee, 27 Apr, sends some information about the history of the present state of ill feeling among the sepoys. At the beginning of April two Bunneahs of Meerut chartered 10 boats to carry down 1,000 maunds of atta to Cawnpore to sell there. A report spread among the sepoys that the grain had been ground in the Canal Mill under European supervision, and had been mixed with cows' bone dust to spoil their caste. The atta is still unsold, in spite of statements by European officers. It has been suggested that two high caste Brahmins from Meerut (where the flour sells quite easily) might be paid to eat the grain in public, but it is probably easier to suggest this than to find the Brahmins. In the meantime the grain trade has received a check. Baird Smith does not think the delusion will hold its ground very long against the appeal of the lower price. The Meerut Navigation Canal is doing well.

18. Letter from J R Colvin, 11 May 1857. Writes that he has telepraphed the very unpleasant report which arrived the previous night of the open mutiny of the 3rd Cavalry (85 of whom had been sentenced and sent in irons to the civil Jail on Saturday) at Meerut. Communications with Meerut by wire have been interrupted since the morning of the 11th. It is thought that the wire has been thrown down, not cut: the instrument works, but too feebly to transmit a message. Sends various letters for the Governor General's information. There seems to be a widespread belief that the British intend to interfere with caste, by force or by contrivance. The troops have refused even the old grease-less cartridges. After order has been restored, a declaration by the Government that it will carefully respect caste and religious customs would have a good effect. Postscript: should need arise, Colvin will have his eye on the Fort at Agra, where there is a European Regiment. Private. Four papers annexed: 1. Letter from Martin Gubbins to J R Colvin, Lucknow, 8 May, replying as to what is at the root of the general distrust and alarm. The two causes are, firstly, religious or caste panic occasioned by unwise measures, the cartridges, and fostered by ill disposed men, strengthened by anti Hindu legislation, and individual missionary action. Secondly, the growth of the authority of the native officers and men, at the expense of the weakened authority and diminished interest of the European officers. Expands both points. Anyone, without being a Hindu, would have felt disgust at biting the stinking cartridges. The rich baboos who so opposed the Hindu widow law are likely to have tampered with the soldiers; and possibly the Russians have been intriguing too. 2. Letter from Sir Henry Lawrence to J R Colvin, Lucknow, 6 May, reporting disaffection in Lucknow, a City of 600,000 or 700,000 people, and only 600 European soldiers. The coup of Sunday night will, Lawrence thinks, do good. Asks why two or three of the Artillerymen at Meerut were not flogged before they were dismissed, the same applies to the 3rd Cavalry. Inaction will encourage the mutineers. It was tricky taking the 48th down on Sunday night, they had to pass two miles through the City. All were back by 1am on Monday, bringing the arms of the 7th, and leaving the men guarded by their own comrades of the 4th Infantry and 2nd Cavalry. Praises Colonel Inglis and the whole European Regiment, and only wishes they were at full strength. 49 ringleaders have been seized (some of the men have deserted) and the Court of enquiry has been sitting since 6am on 5 May. The cartridges are the reason, or rather the excuse. Three civilians have been seized for tampering with the regulars. Lawrence proposes to give rewards publicly to those native officers who have given information. He will be glad to see the Rewah depositions. The position at Lucknow is 100% better than it was in the previous week, but a Sikh Corps and more Europeans are needed. There are incendiaries in Lucknow. All sepoy incendiaries should be hanged. Lawrence believes that many natives really think the British are bent on forcing them all to be Christians. Asks what the feeling is among the Gwalior Contingent. 3. Letter from Sir Henry Lawrence to J R Colvin, Lucknow, 8 (?) May, reporting a deep rooted impression abroad that the British intend forcing a conversion. Lawrence has been told by a Jemidar, who went over all the anti-Hindu acts of the last 10 years, including jail messing and the general service oath, that he and all others, saw no absurdity in the ground bones atta story, but that he considered the British were quite up to such a dodge and that it was only consistent with the whole British career of fraud. The Court of Enquiry has found out little that was not known before. It has shown that reports of intended violence by the Regiment were exaggerated. Urges Colvin to look to the Agra Fort, but quietly; Lawrence has been uneasy for years about Agra, Lahore, Peshawur and such like Forts which contain Magazines and Treasuries. A hundred or even 20 men could capture anyone of them. 4. Letter from Major Macpherson, to J R Colvin, Gwalior, 10 May, stating his idea of the causes of the trouble. Religious grounds cause trouble in the Army, and Brahmins and Moollahs are ready to take advantage of the least pretext. The cartridges gave a pretext for disturbances to every race, creed and caste. The disturbers have been so successful firstly because there is a widespread belief that it is the British object to overthrow the native religions, and secondly because there has arisen a gulf between the regimental officers and their men. If the disturbances lead the Government to inquiry into the essential conditions of the maintenance of a sound arm, they will be as useful as the Crimean disasters. The officers of the Gwalior Contingent say the men are not disturbed, this is supported by the Dewan.

19. Letter from J R Colvin, 12 May 1857. Sends various letters. Remarks that it is strange that there is no news yet of Meerut. Colvin has arranged for a temporary telegraph from Allyghur. The Goojier villagers near Meerut are men of notoriously turbulent character, and would join in any disturbance. Private. Two papers annexed: 1. Letter from Mr Watson to J R Colvin, Allyghur, 12 May, forwarding a letter from Turnbull; Allyghur will be prepared for all emergencies, and should do well as the officers of the 9th Regiment have great confidence in their men. The Dak both from Delhi and Meerut has been stopped, and the telegraph wire cut. If occasion arises, the women at Allyghur will be sent in to Agra. 2. Letter from Mr Turnbull to Mr Watson, Bdshahr (Bulandshahr?), 11 May, giving an account of the mutiny at Meerut. The troopers of the 3rd Cavalry have been released, and the Jail broken open,. the prisoners let out, houses fired, guns going, and altogether a very serious disturbance. The troopers have been joined by villagers and, Turnbull believes, other Regiments, and have stopped the road to Meerut. The dak carriages with passengers were obliged to turn back. At present all is quiet on the near side of Hapur but it is not safe to travel on the far side. The excitement will doubtless spread. One young sepoy has just been stopped, evidently travelling down to warn other Regiments. Turnbull writes in order that Watson may take precautions. The wire has been broken, and the guns were heard all night and morning.

20. Letter from J R Colvin, 15 May 1857. Sends a report on events at Delhi, and is confident that the worst is over. The presence of a native regiment in Agra is a weakness, they would certainly join the rebels if they were near. A week or l0 days will see a favourable change in affairs. Has taken upon himself the position of Commander in Chief at Agra, arrangements are nearly complete, and the position may be regarded as safe. Scindia and Bhurtpore will be with the British against the new dynasty of the House of Tymoor. Colvin will rouse the Rajpoot states to arrest the flight of the mutineers when they are driven out of Delhi. The horrible murders have been chiefly by Mahommedan troops of the 3rd Cavalry. Private. One paper annexed: Letter from Mr Thornhill to J R Colvin, Muttra, 15 May, on events at Delhi. After the mutiny at Meerut the 20th Native Infantry, 11th Native Infantry and 3rd Cavalry came to Delhi and were joined by the force in cantonments, 54th Native Infantry, 74th Native Infantry and 38th Native Infantry. The Heir Apparent after some demur joined them and was proclaimed King of Delhi. All Europeans in the City, men women and children, were murdered with the exception of one or two who escaped. Gives a list of those killed. Ray is said to have escaped. The fate of the Europeans in cantonments is not known. The rebels are apparently organizing a regular Government. Their policy is supposed to be to annex the adjoining districts, they are not therefore likely to ravage the country or to leave Delhi, but will probably strengthen themselves there. Their success depends upon their unity, their leadership and their supply of money to pay the troops. They probably have about 50 lacs of plunder from the City. Their force is probably about 4,500 regular troops or more, (Colvin wrote across this, 'it cannot be nearly so much - some must have been killed, some deserted, many men absent on leave'). The 9th Native Infantry is said to have joined the rebels (Colvin wrote 'this is untrue. It is alone at Aligurh and behaving excellently well, though emissaries have been among them'). Every day the rebels maintain their present position they become stronger. It is essential that the rebellion be crushed at once by an overwhelming force. Small parties would probably be defeated, and any defeat would be immensely harmful. Captain Nixon writes that he has been ordered to march on Delhi with six guns and 1,400 men. Suggests that this force is too small, and it should be sent to Muttra instead. Reports that the Rajah of Bullumghur, the Nawab of Jhugger and several minor chiefs are said to be disaffected. This is partly due to the absence of a Resident, Ford asks for Fraser's place to be filled immediately; and asks for a Magistrate to be appointed to Kurnaul in case MacWhirter has been murdered. Suggests the collection of a force at Muttra, the Hansi and Hurrianah (?) corps, the Puttialah Rajah's army, and the employment of the Umballah forces and troops of a different race such as the Gurkhas. Ford has been forced out of Goorzoan by disaffection; all the Customs officers have come in. Thornhill regrets the alacrity shown by most of the Europeans in leaving Muttra when there seemed to be danger. Ford advises Thornhill not to send off the treasure, Thornhill is in doubt what to do. The murders were almost all committed by the 3rd Cavalry. The Customs line is disorganized.

21. Letter from J R Colvin, 21 May 1857. Colvin has telegraphed about the mutiny of the 9th Native Infantry at Alygurh. On the 19th the sepoys seized a man who had come into the lines to incite them to rebel and delivered him to the authorities. Native officers sat in the court which condemned the man, and he was publicly hanged. A sepoy stepped out of the ranks and said that as the man who had been hanged was a Brahmin, he might as well die too. On this confusion broke out. Friendly sepoys warned the officers, who retired with the Civil Officers of the station. Colvin will immediately send a force to retake the station. There are some companies of the same Regiment at Mynporee, who may rise and block the road. Private.

22. Letter from J R Colvin, 27 May 1857. Sends some papers. Colonel Troup's letter states, though in an exaggerated form, the general feeling that the natives troops should be reassured as well as controlled and punished. There has been a sad and fatal breach in the old confidence between them and the state. A good understanding must be restored, after patient and impartial inquiry. Three papers annexed: 1. Letter from Mr Le Bas to Mr Thornhill, Kurnaul, 16 May, reporting that as far as is known, about 45 Europeans escaped from Delhi on the night of the 11th. There are 10 or 11 at Kurnaul, the rest at Umballa or Meerut. There is a very large European force at Meerut which will, it is hoped, march south in a day or two. The Mozuffurnuggur District is in a very bad state. The road from Kurnaul to Delhi is clear for nearly 50 miles, beyond that all is confusion, so nothing is heard of Delhi, or Meerut. There are reports of trouble at Ferozepore and Jullundur. The Puttialah Rajah is holding Thunesur, and 200 of his men are at Kurnaul. The Mundals are very useful. Is anxious to know if the trouble has spread. Sends a list of those known to have escaped. (Copy of letter.) 2. Copy of list of officers and ladies who have escaped from Delhi. 3. Extract from a letter from Colonel Colin Troup, Bareilly, to Colvin, not dated; Troup refers to his knowledge of the native soldier, and believes that in all that is said or done during the present excitement, no allusion should be made to retribution or punishment, but a proclamation, should be issued by Colvin stating that the past has been forgiven, and that when things have settled down the faithful shall be rewarded, and a commission set up to inquire into the soldiers' needs. Fear is the principal cause of the present troubles, the soldiers know they have committed themselves.

23. Letter from J R Colvin, 29 May 1857. Regrets that he has no means of forwarding letters to the Commander in Chief at present. He opened the letter, thinking he might be able to extract the essential parts and send on the message concealed. The difficulty of sending messages even to Meerut is inconceivable. The real reason is because the permanence of the British power is doubted, and men think it is better for them to take to open plundering than to run risks in the British service. No word has come from the Commander in Chief since the disturbances began. With the aid of Mr Drummond Colvin has been able to maintain order so far in the Agra District. Describes the lawless condition of the surrounding countryside. On the whole there is no support for the Government. Quiet men think and arm only for their own defence. Muttra has been quieted, on the left bank of the Jumna, in the Mozuffurnuggur District, at Allygurh and Etwah all is chaos. With the aid of European volunteers and a few faithful men from the Gwalior Contingent, Colvin is trying to keep the front towards Allygurh free. 70 men of the Gwalior Contingent have been sent under Major Raikes to Mynporee. These are all the troops at Colvin's disposal, unless some Irregular Cavalry now being raised turn out to be of value. A light force sent by Sir H Lawrence to be pushed on from Cawnpore to the Trunk road had to turn back because of signs of disaffection in some of the companies. The Brigade at Agra is useless because the two Native Infantry Regiments have to be watched by the Europeans. Etawah has been reoccupied. Mynpoorie has saved its treasure, prisoners and records by the determined energy of Mr Power and a friendly Zemindar. There has been a sudden alarm as to the fidelity of the whole Gwalior Contingent, groundless according to a telegram from Brigadier Ramsay. Bijnore Jail has been broken open. Such are the state of things in districts in which 3 months ago the Lieutenant Governor prided himself on having done so much to improve the Police. An advance of a strong force in the cold weather, accompanied by a Commission to awe and reduce the whole of the Provinces is the only course. The whole framework of Indian administration must be recast, and the composition and proportions of the native Army altered. Regrets that nothing can be done to help the Commander in Chief, if he needs anything from he Agra Arsenal he must send an escort for it. Colvin will write separately, or telegraph, about the Proclamation to which exception has been taken. Expects the Kotah Contingent at Agra in a week or two. 30 May, some Oudh Irregular Cavalry under Captain Hayes have been pushed on to 60 miles above Cawnpore to guard the Trunk Road. A small force is being pushed on to Mynpoorie. Mr Lock has held out at Rhotuck and Mr Wedderburn at Hissar. Sends a paper by Mr Gubbins. The Rajah of Gwalior is anxious to have his Bodyguard, so it is being returned in small batches so as not to cause excitement. Confidential. One paper annexed: Copy of official letter from Martin Gubbins, Financial Commissioner to George Couper, Secretary to the Chief Commissioner, Oudh, 27 May, reporting the statement of Runjeet Singh, invalid Havildar, 63rd Native Infantry, taken down on 27th May. When he was a boy, both Runjeet Singh and his father were imprisoned by the Talookdars, until they agreed to execute a deed surrendering their village of Shapoor. After his father signed the deed, Runjeet Singh was released and joined the Company's Army. He was later invalided out of the Army, and took service under the Talooqdar. At the annexation of Oudh he claimed and obtained his village, though the Talooqdar had held it for 50 years. Told the story of his grand-nephew, who was a dacoit before annexation, but is now a well-behaved Zemindar. The Talooqdars are anxious to know what is happening in Lucknow, and Runjeet Singh will be able to write to them and allay their fears. Some of the Talooqdars have begun to keep retainers, but only to protect themselves from old enemies. The 5th Oudh Irregular Infantry is very well disposed. Runjeet Singh is willing to serve a month or two for the Company. He was warned by soldiers of the 7th Light Cavalry that he would have done better to die at home; and he was warned not to eat attah or sweetmeats, or bite cartridges. He was later told by some newly levied Police that they did not intend to fight the rebels. Gubbins believes the statement of the Havildar, which shows that religious panic has seized the soldiers, and exists even in the best affected Regiments and in the Police at present being raised. The proper course is to temporize, and treat-the panic as a temporary madness. If kindness does not succeed, and the madmen become violent, the treatment must be to be still more violent. Gubbins has always regretted the indiscriminate and degrading punishment at Meerut, as the immediate cause of the crisis.

24. Letter from J R Colvin, 1 Jun 1857. Sends a copy of a letter received from Ajmere. This is a serious defection, and shows the deep-rooted spirit of revolt which has seized the whole native Army. The joining of the Horse Artillery is particularly unfortunate. A later note reports that the mutineers have gone off to Delhi, which they will not reach in less than 14 or 15 days, by which time Delhi must have fallen. Has sent the information to Anson and urged him to attack. The Ulwar and Bhurtpore troops were disorganised by the advance along the Delhi Road of the two mutinous companies with the 5 lacs of Rupees. The country is now unsafe within 20 miles of Agra. The fall of Delhi is greatly needed. The disorder has been stayed by the Commissioner of Mynpoorie, and has not come east of the Trunk Road. Fears the effect of the partial revolt at Lucknow on the troops in Rohilkhand. The disarming of the two Native Regiments in Agra has done much good.. The Kotah Contingent will arrive in 4 or 5 days. One paper annexed: Copy of a letter from Lieutenant Walter to J R Colvin, Ajmere, 29 May, reporting the events at Nusserabad on 28 May. Mr Heathcote left Ajmere for Nusserabad. but was turned back halfway by a sowar who told him that the Regiments and Artillery at Nusserabad had mutinied at 4am. The Europeans took refuge in Ajmere Fort, and sent for aid to the Rajah of (Kishengurh) and the Rajah of Joudhpore. Some soldiers escaped from Nusserabad have arrived. If the mutineers reach Ajmere before reinforcements, the Europeans will be in a precarious position. The station at Nusserabad is probably burnt to the ground, as a blaze could be seen all night.

25. Letter from J R Colvin, 21 Jun 1857. Sends various letters. The daks are all closed, so the present letter is being sent by the west coast in the hope that it will reach Calcutta. Regrets that the letters from Delhi do not show a more hopeful tone. It seems the mutineers have been attacking the English position. The Mahomedan fanatical feeling is now the most prominent feature of the struggle, and the Hindu sepoys may now find out what tools they have been. The mutineers have made the Goormooktesur Bridge of Boats unserviceable. On 15 Jun all was reported quiet at Saharanpore and Mozuffurnuggur. The Quarter Master General writes that the lack of Artillerymen is the great drawback to immediate attacks and that it may be necessary to wait for reinforcements. The whole of the Gwalior Contingent has mutinied. The Maharajah sent off the Agent on the pretext that he could no longer answer for his troops, and subsequently lent the merest pretence of aid to the escape of some English ladies. The Maharajah is ready for events but unlikely to attack Agra immediately, nor are the Neemuch mutineers. Ajmere remains safe under General George Lawrence. The English still have the post at Mynpoorie and a precarious authority in parts of Allygurh, Muttra and the Agra District. The people in general are not against the British. The position inside Agra Fort is strong enough. The public property and records will be held on to as long as possible. The presence of the mass of writers and their families is very hampering. 4 papers annexed: 1. Copy of three papers by Lieutenant Greathead (Greathed in the Summary). a. Letter from Greathead to Colvin, Camp, Delhi, 16 Jun, reporting that the project for the capture of Delhi on the night of the 12th miscarried through a misunderstanding. The writer's brother then modified the plan, but all the military authorities were against it, and the General recorded a resolution that it was preferable to wait for reinforcements and that the risk of attack should not be taken unless British political existence in India depended upon the immediate occupation of Delhi. In spite of arguments from both Greathead brothers, the attack is deferred. The chances of success are less after the failure on the 12th. The Mahommedans seem to be gaining the upper hand and using the Hindus as tools. Aid for the rebels is expected from the Tonk Nawab and Jhujjur is said to have gone over bodily. Mahommedans are supreme now in Rohilcund, and the traitor Wulleedad Khan is temporarily reigning. It is difficult to supply the place of Manbhool Ullee Khan, who is dead, as Chief Commissary. The reoccupation of Boolundshahur is essential. Jodhpore and Bikaneer might hold Hissar and Sirsa for the English. The Jheend Rajah offers assistance in raising police. Lieutenant Gambier would be a good officer to command. b. Letter from Lieutenant Greathead to Colvin, Delhi, 16 Jun, reporting that the military authorities had decided the plan of attack to be impracticable on military grounds; they then threw the responsibility as far as practicable on to the political authority. If European troops could be sent to Allygurh, they would be useful. c. Note from Lieutenant Greathead Delhi, 16 Jun, forwarding a message from the Chief Commissioner of the Punjab dated Lahore, 13 Jun, to the Commander in Chief about the movement of reinforcements. 2. Copy of a letter from the Chief Commissioner of the Punjab, to G C Barnes, asking him to telegraph a message to the Governor General and to send four copies by different roads. Lawrence asks for full powers to be delegated to him to act on behalf of the Governor General. He has only received one letter from the Governor General all others have miscarried. Recommends the appointment of Brigadier Sydney Cotton to command the Peshawur Division. Suggests that telegraphic messages might reach him via Bombay and express dak. The Punjab troops continue to work well. 3. Second copy of the above letter. 4. Copy of a letter from Lieutenant Greathed to the Magistrate of Allyghur and the Lieutenant Governor, Agra, Camp before Delhi, 17 Jun, reporting that since the 8th the enemy have attacked 6 times, and have been repulsed with serious loss. An attack was organised by the British on the 12th but miscarried; a further attack on the 14th was postponed. Reinforcements are to be awaited. The British line runs from Metcalfe's house to Hindoo Rao's house. The death of the rebels' Commissary General has created much anxiety among the mutineers. All attempts to bring any rebels to terms have been unsuccessful. The enemy up to the last day or two always retired within the walls at nightfall. They now leave occupied the villages of Seedeepoora (?) Pakareepore and Teleewalla on the British right front, where they are erecting batteries. It was proposed to the General to hold these villages from the first, but it was thought that the position would thereby become too extended. Now the villages will have to be taken, and then held. Information about the movement of troops upwards is needed. There seems to be no difficulty in communicating with Allyghur.

26. Letter from J R Colvin, 26 Jun 1857. Sends the latest accounts from Delhi. Believes the decisive assault will be in a week or 10 days. 3½ Companies of the Jail Guard at Agra have deserted with their muskets, they will be difficult to replace. The Neemuch mutineers, reinforced from Tonk and by the Malwa Contingent Cavalry may attack Agra. There is a great shortage of money. Copy of the above letter annexed. 11 other papers annexed: 1 and 2. Copies of a letter, General Barnard to Colvin, giving his reasons for delaying the attack on Delhi. He has under 2,000 fit troops, too few to occupy the City. Once the reinforcements arrive and he is established in the City, a moveable column shall be placed at Colvin's disposal. At present no troops could be spared after a successful assault. Failure would be fatal to the best interests of the state which cannot suffer much from delay, however undesirable. Both the Greatheds pressed Barnard so sorely to attack, that he consented to a plan against his better judgement, and prepared to risk all, for he had no reserve to fall back on. Accident prevented the attempt. Describes a successful attack on the rebel guns. The mutineers attack often and unsuccessfully; but they use the guns with extraordinary precision. The rebels are said to be quarrelling among themselves. Asks to be allowed to remain in force at Delhi. Believes all the Politicals, from the Governor General downwards, have underestimated the strength of Delhi. Early in July the Force should number about 5,000, enough to walk into Delhi. There is little sickness, and the wounded are well, 18 Jun. 3. Copy of a letter from Lieutenant W R Greathed to Mr Colvin, 18 Jun, reporting a successful attack on a rebel gun position. Does not know what Bernard has replied to Colvin, but if the British are to remain in position before Delhi, a Brigade might certainly be sent to Allyghur without danger. Greathed would prefer to keep the force together, and hope that the leaders may yet find enough courage to attack. The Delhi line of communication is with Umballah, which must be kept clear. Communication should be reopened between Allahabad and Agra. Greathed's brother has appointed J S Campbell Joint Magistrate of Meerut, he is to look after communications and supplies, protected by the Jhend Horse and Foot. Both the mutineers and the British at Delhi expect reinforcements. 4. Original letter, Greathed to Colvin, as above (number 3). 5. Copy of a letter from Mr H H Greathed to Mr Colvin, 22 Jun, reporting rumours of an intended attack on Meerut. No assistance can be sent from Delhi. Greathed has heard from Mr Harvey that the Gwalior Contingent has revolted bodily. These two movements enforce the arguments for decisive, perhaps desperate measures. The writer has seen a letter from J Lawrence to General Read, advocating the increase of clemency towards the mutineers who are willing to submit. This has been done by General Barnard, in relaxation of the Governor General's Proclamation, but only 300 came in. Reports arrival of reinforcements. Lawrence approves of delay in attacking Delhi until the arrival of reinforcements. The rebels in Delhi are running short of ammunition. It would be advisable to face the real extent of the mutinies, and to know when reinforcements from Calcutta might be expected to reach Cawnpore. Troops coming up should bring money, as the collections do not equal current civil expenses. Asks for the Jeypoorees to be removed. The villages around Delhi are mostly deserted. Asks for three appointments to be gazetted. There will be delay in sending off Corps when Delhi is taken. 6. Original letter, Greathed to Colvin, as above (number 5). 7. Copy of a letter from J R Colvin to Brigadier General Lawrence, asking him to forward some papers, which he may read; asks for copies to be sent to Colonel Durand and to the Bombay Government. Colvin will be glad of the Moveable Column's aid. Approves of the appointment of Captain Lloyd as Dixon's successor, and leaves Lieutenant Carnell's appointment to Lawrence. The mutineers passed through all the Rajwara States without any real obstructions. Asks for the Artillery officers at all events. 8. Another copy of the above letter (number 7). 9. Letter from J R Colvin to Captain Dixon, 25 Jun, sending news of the movements of the Jyepore and Joualphoor (or Joudhpoor?) troops and the Neemuch mutineers, and hopes that Major Morrieson will send out the most trustworthy force in his power to join with the Kerowlee troops to harass the enemy. 10. Letter from Captain Nixon to Brigadier General G St P Lawrence, from Bhurtpore, 20 Jun, sending the latest news from Delhi. Mr Sharpley, Superintendent of Workshops at Bhurtpore, was murdered on 19 Jun. Dixon does not know what will happen to himself and Morrieson, they are in a very unpleasant position, and may yet notice to quit. If not, the Bhurtpore Army may hand them to the mutineers. The Sirdars would do anything to save the two men, but the Army is unmanageable. There is no news of Hardcastle's movements. Dixon and Morrieson intended to attack the mutineers at Beeana, but the troops would not stand, and Nixon thinks there would have been civil war had the troops marched out. 11. Copy of a letter from Major Garstin (to Dixon) 20 Jun, describing the British position at Delhi. The enemy have attacked several times, but have always been repulsed with heavy loss. Colonel Becher has been wounded. Reinforcements are expected, when they arrive Delhi will be taken easily. There is news of Mr Harvey and Captain Eden. The main body of the Jullunder mutineers has broken up. The news from the Punjab is satisfactory.

27. Letter from J R Colvin, 28 Jun 1857. Sends various papers. Believes that the continuous and heavy defeats of the enemy at Delhi will exhaust the rebels in the end. Marked: 'Duplicate' Three papers annexed: 1. Copy of a letter from Lieutenant W H Greathed to Mr Colvin, 24 Jun, reporting the defeat of the Nuseerabad Brigade. The enemy's plan was to attack on both the right and the rear on the 23rd (the centenary of Plassey) but the rear was safeguarded. by the destruction of some bridges. The enemy failed to intercept a convoy. Lists the officers killed. The enemy are disheartened. Greathed has again urged an immediate attack, without success. The brothers Greathed at Delhi have only received one letter of 6 Jun and a fragment of a letter (from Colvin) since the writer left Agra. Recommends the employment of a daily messenger from Allyghur, and duplicates of all important messages. Brigadier Chamberlain has arrived, and taken charge as Adjutant General 'Duplicate'. 2. Copy of a letter from J R Colvin to (Brigadier General G St P Lawrence) 24 Jun, approving of Lawrence's arrangements following the death of Colonel Dixon. Suggests Captain Lloyd as successor to Dixon in the Civil Charge of Ajmere, and Nixon as Superintendent of Neemuch. Nixon is at present shut up in Bhurtpore and not without danger. An advance guard of the Neemuch mutineer Horse arrived at Bhurtpore on 23 Jun and the Sirdars refused to turn them out. Dixon said he would leave, but has not been seen yet. Captain Hardcastle could do nothing against the mutineers, as he was deserted by the Jeypore troops who he thought were helped by the Raj in every possible way. 3. Part of an envelope, with a note by Colvin drawing attention to the few letters received by Greathed from Agra. The submission to daily insult and daily loss of men to no purpose is very sad.

28. Letter from J R Colvin, 30 Jun 1857. Official letter, J R Colvin to the Governor General in Council, describing the open mutiny of the l0th Regiment at Futteghur, where there are said to be about 35 men and 50 women and children shut up in the Fort. Colvin is unable to send any aid. There is nothing new to report from Alygurh. Parts of the Gwalior Contingent and the Kotah Contingent maintain good order and discipline; it is difficult to pay the men. Mr Power still maintains his position at Mynpoory. The Jail Guard at Agra deserted on 23 Jun and has been replaced. There was a fire in the Jail on 25 Jul. The Regiments which mutinied at Neemuch now occupy the road between Agra and Jypoor. They talk of an attack on Agra, but seem to be too weak for this. A local Militia force has been organized. The Bhurtpore troops have refused to oppose the Neemuch mutineers. There are no reports of an advance upon Agra by the Gwalior mutineers; the rains have begun and doubtless the Maharajah awaits events. Boolundshahur has been seized by a neighbouring Nawab, and General Hewitt, at Meerut does not think he has sufficient force to reoccupy the place. At Meerut and above all is quiet, though letters only come rarely. Rajpootana remains on the whole quiet, though no effective resistance has been offered to the rebels. Postscript annexed: there has been a disturbance at Mynpoory, and the prisoners released. Lieutenant De Kantzow and Dr Watson have reached Agra with some of the treasure.

29. Letter from J R Colvin, 2 Jul 1857. Sends the latest Delhi reports (not annexed). Disorder is so general that there are few reports. The Neemuch mutineers seem to wish to threaten Agra. They wait for the union of all the Gwalior regiments. If this happens, the Europeans will have to withdraw into the Fort, leaving the town to its fate. Partly in French.

30. Letter from J R Colvin, Jul 1857. Official letter, J Colvin to the Governor General in Council; When Colvin heard of the arrival of the advance guard of the Neemuch mutineers at Futtehpore Sikree, with the avowed object of marching on Agra, he consulted Brigadier Polwhele and his officers. The Brigadier resolved to take the British Regiment only a short way from cantonments, and to summon the Kotah Contingent to help in defence. Part of the Contingent was forced to join the rebels at Deolee, and the men's families are said to have been badly treated, owing to the men's reluctance to join the rebels. At Agra all the Cavalry of the Kotah Contingent mutinied and went over to the enemy. Captain Dennys and his officers were compelled to return to the cantonment, and the force was broken up. The two British guns with the force under Nawab Syfoollah Khan were withdrawn to the Fort, also the gun and howitzer of the Kotah Contingent

31. Letter from J R Colvin, 12 Jul 1857. Reports receipt of various telegrams from the Governor General The position of Agra is very different from what the Governor General supposed when the instructions were sent. Gives extracts of the latest news from Delhi showing formidable difficulties, and the wider circulation of the Proclamation without any effect. Sends a copy of a message from G C Barnes to Mr Edmonstone asking for stores and reinforcements for Delhi. The Governor General's orders about Delhi will be strictly observed when the time comes. Sends a copy of a letter from Sir H Lawrence. Carriage for troops must be obtained at Allahabad or nearby. Hopes the troops will advance from Allahabad in strength. Reports of an attack on Agra by the Neemuch mutineers resulted in all the Christians retiring to the Fort. The enemy pillaged the City and retired to Muttra. The Fort has provisions for a long time. The City is quiet again, and supplies come in daily. Colvin has no hold over the surrounding country. The blow at Agra must affect British interests in Rajpootana. Hopes for reinforcements from Allahabad, and funds from Calcutta. The Agra Arsenal must be kept from the rebels. W C Watson, Civil Service, has died. Two papers annexed: 1a. Copy of a letter from Sir Henry Lawrence to Colvin, Lucknow, 29 Jun, reporting news from Cawnpore. Wheler wrote on 24 Jun that he could hold out for 8 or 10 days. Cawnpore is continually bombarded, though the Nana cannot get any infantry to attempt an attack except the Police Corps of Fidda Hussein. Wheler's losses have been very heavy. Help from Allahabad is anxiously awaited. Lawrence is strongly placed in Lucknow, but unable to help Wheler, as the enemy hold all the boats on the Cawnpore side, and troops could only be spared for 24 hours at most. There are mutinous Regiments on all sides of Lucknow, Oudh is in a state of anarchy. Names those safe, and those killed. Health is good in Lucknow, cholera on the decrease, and there are plentiful supplies for two months. There was a report that the Nana had offered to escort the Cawnpore Garrison to Allahabad, and that an armistice of two days had taken place in consequence. The Nana required the Garrison to march out without their arms, and this not being acceded to, firing recommenced. Lawrence trusts that no such proposal will be attended to, as it will result in nothing, but treachery and disgrace. Lawrence is anxious for news. He has no anxiety except for Wheler. lb. A second letter from Lawrence to Raikes copied on the same page, 29 Jun, reporting the news of the destruction of General Wheler and his whole force. They surrendered on terms of being sent to Allahabad, but as soon as they were embarked they were surrounded and massacred. A few ladies only were taken alive from the water. Now the Nana and his ruffians will turn to Lucknow, which will probably be besieged in a few days. Hopes to hold out for a month or so until relieved. Asks for his letters to be sent to his brother George through Captain Nixon. Letters to Lawrence in Lucknow should be sent by three separate Cossids. 2. Extracts from a letter from H H Greathed, to Mr Colvin, 1 Jul, giving General Barnard's reply to Colvin's letters. Barnard cannot detach any portion of his troops until Delhi is taken. Greathed criticises the Chief Engineer, Major Laughton, who had no plans of his own, and obstructed the plans of others. Supplies are coming in well. The Bareilly mutineers are crossing today. The sepoys still justify their conduct, they say that the general conviction that an attack had been made on their prejudices should not have been met by disbandments and imprisonment. All proclamations are thrown away on, them, nothing but a general amnesty would answer.

32. Letter from J R Colvin, 17 Jul 1857. Official letter from J R Colvin to the Governor General in Council, reporting that the Neemuch mutineers have moved to Muttra. News of Cawnpore will be more accurately known at Calcutta than at Agra. Captain Renaud with a few reinforcements is at Kuttohun (? )and Brigadier Havelock was at Allahabad on 30 Jun. It seems that Futteghur has been abandoned. Detachments of the Gwalior Contingent at Mynpoorie and Allygurh have mutinied, A small body of volunteers who had remained at great risk at Allygurh have been obliged to retire upon Agra. Mr Power with the Europeans who had remained with him was forced to leave Mynpoory by the Rajah and his relations, and has fallen back upon Agra. Agra is now quiet. General Barnard has died of cholera. Rumours of a serious action on 9 Jul are heard from Delhi, but nothing authentic is known yet. Meerut is safe, and above Meerut there are no serious disturbances. Colonel Van Cortlandt with troops from the Bikaneer State, is said to have established British authority at Sirsa. An immediate effect of the retirement of the Europeans into Agra Fort has been that the Bhurtpore Durbar and officers have pressed the Political Agent, Morrieson, to retire. Morrieson has gone to Ajmere. Note by Canning in the margin, Colvin is to find out if Morrieson gave the Durbar any encouragement to take this course.) A part of the Jeypoor troops under Captain Eden has been acting towards the Goorgaon and Muttra frontier, the troops' loyalty is doubtful. Colvin has urged General Lawrence to reinforce Agra.

33. Letter from J R Colvin, 23 Jul 1857. Reports receipt of some letters. General Barnard died of cholera on the 5th. General Read had been ill and had left for the Hills. Brigadier Wilson, Artillery, assumed command. A chance to attack Delhi was missed, and since then the number of the mutineers has been steadily increasing. The causes of the revolt may be difficult to trace, but now both Mahommedans and Hindus are united against the foreigners. It looks as if there will be a long deadlock at Delhi. At Agra the Europeans were compelled to take to the fort after an action on the 5th against the Neemuch mutineers, who burnt and ravaged the town before moving off to Muttra and Delhi. There has been little loss of European lives, as the Christian families had been moved into the Fort, but the mass of women, helpless men, and children, to be fed and kept healthy will make defence more difficult. The nearest danger is the Gwalior troops with their siege train. Colvin does not know the full extent of the mutinies. The Rajah at Gwalior has taken all the mutinous troops into his pay, and taken credit for preventing their marching against the British he is merely awaiting events. He will try to claim the abrogation of Lord Ellenborough's Treaty of 1843. Colvin has suggested that Delhi reinforcements may come to Agra, if the Commanding Officer of the reinforcements moving upcountry believes Agra's need to be the greater. The Fort is provisioned for 6 months. Funds are scanty. Carriage cannot be provided, all the elephant men deserted from the Neemuch Camp. The arrival of the China force will be invaluable, though European troops alone cannot do the work. It is a problem to collect another Native Army: it seems impossible to rely on the sepoys again. Perhaps Punjabees could be employed. Everywhere the British are at present powerless. The Chiefs of Rajpootana have made no really active efforts against the mutineers. Jypore is the most suspect state. Explains about Morrieson, who has been placed by the Supreme Government at the disposal of the Commander in Chief; this is presumably because of Colvin's complaint, by telegraph, that Morrieson had not aided the Bhurtpore Force with Captain Nixon. The Force has openly revolted, and not knowing what had happened to Nixon, Colvin ordered Morrieson to resume charge of the Agency. Now Nixon has reappeared, and he is to remain with Colvin as an Extra Aide de Camp, in fact Secretary for Rajpootana affairs. Morrieson was asked to leave by the Durbar. If Morrieson was removed solely on account of Colvin's telegraph, the fault must, he thinks, be regarded as having been condoned. The Rand of Oodeypoor has behaved very well to the officers and families who have taken refuge there. The Ulwar State has also acted faithfully, in sending out a second Force after the misconduct of the first. The old Rajah of Ulwar is dead. Copy of this letter annexed.

34. Letter from J R Colvin, 24 Jul 1857. Sends an extract of a letter from Brigadier Wilson, showing the seriousness of the position at Delhi. One of the difficulties in the Fort at Delhi is the mistrust of all native workmen, particularly Mahommedans, although some of them have been employed for years in the Magazine. The clerks and their families, and the numerous refugees from other stations, are additional problems. Colvin also has personal difficulties. If the Force retired from Delhi the position would be alarming. Two papers annexed: 1. Extract, written in French, of a letter from Brigadier General Wilson, Commanding the Force before Delhi, to Sir J Lawrence, 18 Jul. General Reed has left the Force due to ill-health, and Wilson commands. The Chief Engineer agrees with Wilson that an assault would be dangerous. The British have 2,200 British infantry and 500 Punjabees. The enemy is innumerable, and constantly reinforced; the British are the besieged, not the rebels. Daily attacks are repulsed by the British, but with heavy loss. It is most important that the rebels remain at Delhi, and do not leave to ravage the countryside. Wilson asks for reinforcements, and asks Lawrence for a British Regiment and two regiments of Sikhs or Punjabees. If Wilson is not reinforced, he will be forced to retire to Kurnal, with disastrous consequences. 2. Copy of reply to the above letter, Colvin to Wilson, originally written in Greek characters, 24 Jul. The results of retirement by the Delhi Force would be extremely grave for Agra. The enemy would attack Agra with heavy artillery, and the 2nd great magazine of Upper India would be endangered. There is no reasonable chance of aid for Agra. Gwalior troops might help the enemy. Havelock is believed to have reached Cawnpore, but his first duty is to Sir Henry Lawrence. The Agra Garrison is not strong enough to guard the walls of so large a place, and lacks officers and artillerymen. The mass of women and children is a great impediment. For the Agra Garrison, time is everything. Troops will be gathering at Allahabad and will be sent up, while Wilson remains at Delhi and beats off every assault, the opening is given for aid reaching all points, and saving the Empire. Urges Wilson not to think of falling back, and supports with all his power Wilson's request to the Punjab for more troops; wishes to know Lawrence's reply and Wilson's decision without delay. Asks for a copy of this letter to be sent to Lawrence.

35. Letter from J R Colvin, 26 Jul 1857. Asks for greater military powers than he at present possesses. Asks for the same powers the Governor General in Council would have were he present, to extend to the Meerut and Cawnpore Divisions. Sir John Lawrence might have the same powers down the right bank of the Jumna to Delhi. Delhi is not likely to be quickly taken, and affairs may become very complicated. Confidential. To the Governor General in Council.

36. Letter from J R Colvin, 30 Jul 1857. Sends papers from Delhi. There was a heavy assault at Delhi on 23 Jul. Reinforcements from the Punjab are now reaching Delhi. The Neemuch Brigade should be at Delhi: each newly arriving band has its Field Day. The rebels must be running short of funds. The overture mentioned by Mr Greathed was one from the old King; the Governor General's orders against any terms have been sent on. The 23rd Native Infantry has mutinied at Mhow and Holkar's mutinous Corps must be close to Gwalior, the Rajah may take them into his service to detain them, or they may move on Delhi. The Agra Garrison is too weak to interfere. Colvin is anxious about the effects of the fever season of Aug and Sep on the Camp at Delhi. An Expedition has been sent out to re-establish authority at Futtehpore Sikri. Colvin is sending a Despatch on his supposed failure to obtain and send information. He has just received news about the Rohilkhund mutineers. Has sent word to Allahabad that carriage cannot be provided from Agra for the new reinforcements coming up, until the troops are near. Many messengers have been sent to the Force which has occupied Cawnpore, but without reply. Five papers annexed: 1. Copy of a letter from J R Colvin to Brigadier General Lawrence, 30 Jul, asking him to send on papers to the Governor General by two routes, and the information therein to the Government of Bombay. It is most satisfactory to see the reinforcements coming from the Punjab. The destruction of the Sealkote mutineers by General Nicholson has been very propitious. There is no doubt that the British have re-occupied Cawnpore. No messages have come from the Cawnpore Force, but there are trustworthy native reports that a European Regiment and guns have gone to relieve Lucknow. An Expedition has been sent out to re-establish authority at Futtehpore Sikri, where the Neemuch mutineers had made the former Moonsiff the Padshahee Tehsildar. 2. Copy of a letter from H B Greathed, to Mr Colvin, Camp before Delhi, 23 Jul, reporting receipt of a letter, and non-receipt of a notification about Williams' appointment as Commissioner of Meerut. Overtures from Delhi Palace have come to nothing. There will be a shortage of money in Delhi soon, also of gun caps and shells. Powder is being made in Delhi, but Greathed hopes the supply of sulphur will soon be exhausted. The British Camp is well supplied with provisions. Reinforcements are on the way, Barnes sends 5 lacs. Attacks by the rebels are repulsed daily, since the 18th with little loss. Wilson's appointment is regarded with general satisfaction. Metcalfe and Richardes are doing well (the writer's Assistants). Saunders is Principal Assistant. Ford has been sent to Hissar. The Jheend Rajah is holding part of Rhotuck for the British. Sends a copy of six rules sanctioned by Brigadier General Wilson, for the administration of Criminal Justice by Civil Officers nominated by the Agent to the Lieutenant Governor within the Delhi disturbed districts. 3. Extract from a letter from Colonel Becher, Quarter Master General, Camp, near Delhi, 24 Jul, reporting that the rebels are kept steadily at bay. Reinforcements are anxiously awaited. 4. Copy of a letter from Captain Nixon to Brigadier General Lawrence, Agra, 30 Jul, forwarding news from General Havelock, Cawnpore, 18 Jul, of the massacre of Wheeler's Garrison, and of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence. Havelock has fought four successful actions and taken Cawnpore. On 19 Jul Havelock will set out for Lucknow, and then send aid to Muir (to whom the letter from Havelock was originally written). Let Agra meanwhile be Jellalabad. 5. Memorandum about the receipt and forwarding of documents by Brigadier General Lawrence. At Ajmere on 3 Aug all was quiet.

37. Letter from J R Colvin, 1 Aug 1857. Reports that on 27 Jul an attack from Delhi was expected, as the rebels had been joined by the Neemuch mutineers. Operations at Delhi will be memorable; reinforcements are needed. It is surprising that the enemy at Delhi have not been more effective. Cannot send carriage to Allahabad. Suggests that it is very important that the Commander in Chief should be in advance at Cawnpore, with full powers. This would be much better than conferring any military authority upon Colvin. The Light Column from Rajpootana would be most useful, but is considered essential in Ajmere and Neemuch. The Commander in Chief might judge. Asks for Artillery officers. 2 letters annexed: 1. Letter from Lieutenant Greathed to Colvin, Alipore, 7 Jun, reporting that heavy rain prevented the junction of the Meerut Force, and deferred the attack. On 8 Jun the force will push on to the ridge and the villages in front of the Kabul and Lahore gates. The General replies that he considers the Umballa Force not strong enough to ensure the capture of Delhi without risk of failure, unless aided by the Meerut column. 8 Jun should see all the rebels driven into the City. 2. Letter from Lieutenant Greathed to Colvin, Cantonment, Delhi, 11 Jun, describing some positioning of guns, which have failed to silence the enemy guns. The ride along the Ridge is exciting. Brigadier Wilson wished to try silencing fire from the heights at 1,200 to 1,800 yards, and Major Laughton, a driveller of the first water, having nothing to propose, gave way. Now Wilson is convinced that an attack by approaches and breach is out of the question. A council has been held, and as Laughton had nothing but futile proposals to offer, the preparation of a plan of attack has been entrusted to the writer, Lieutenant Maunsell and Chesney. Lieutenant Battye has died of his wounds. As much as possible has been done to take Delhi, until this is finished there is no room for other thought. The rebels have 74 heavy guns to the British 9, and the British have only men to work 6 guns, for Sir J Lawrence stopped the Reserve Company of Artillery ordered down from Lahore. There will probably be heavy losses in taking Delhi, but it will be taken, and then the spare force will move off to secure the Doab. Is glad to hear of the four new Regiments from England.

38. Letter from J R Colvin, 3 Aug 1857. Sends news from Delhi. He has heard from Havelock showing that under the General's instructions from the Supreme Government he is not likely to advance up country quickly. The purpose of these instructions is not known to Colvin, and they May have been given believing that Delhi would fall. Grant has replied pointing out the state of the country, and especially the attempt of the rebel chief of Malagurh to extend his authority beyond Boolundshahur over Allyghur, to raise revenue and form some regular government in support of the rebellion. Colvin cannot expect the Brigadier at Agra to send out a force, but the trouble could be dealt with by an advance from Cawnpore and from Meerut. Realises there are serious difficulties also at Lucknow and at and below Cawnpore. Five papers annexed: 1. Extract from a letter from H H Greathed, Agent to the Lieutenant Governor (Delhi) to Mr Muir,16 Jul, explaining the altered position at Delhi. Believes an assault should have been made in the first days of occupation of the Ridge; now the rebels are much stronger. They have been attacking vainly for more than weeks, and they now know that unless they destroy the British force in a short time, reinforcements will arrive and the British will win. To attack Delhi now, or to reduce the troops by sending aid to Agra, would be an unnecessary risk; the Jhansi men have reached Delhi, lists other mutinied or disbanded regiments. Describes an attack and counter-attack on 14 Jul, Brigadier General Chamberlain was wounded, and about 200 troops besides. General Read has fever. The troops are well and fearless. Partly in French. 2. Paper containing 2 notes: 2a.copy of a letter from Captain Norman, Assistant Adjutant General, Camp before Delhi, 15 Jul, reporting the death of General Barnard and his replacement by General Reed who is unwell. Colonel Chamberlain and Colonel Becher are both wounded. Not much progress towards taking Delhi is being made. Reinforcements are needed. 2b. Extract of a letter from Mr Greathed, 13 Jul, reporting signs of military organisation amongst the Pandees since the Bareilly troops arrived. British losses are proportionately large, especially amongst the Rifles and the Gurkhas. Reinforcements are needed before attacking the town. Ramsay writes that Rohilcund is tired out with anarchy, and the reappearance of the Government is anxiously awaited. All the bad elements will collect in Delhi, so that once the place falls, the reconquest of the country is effected. Barnes is sending money. The ploughs are at work in the Meerut District. 3. Copy of a note from Brigadier General Chamberlain, Camp before Delhi 13 Jul, giving the present strength of the Force. Health is generally good, though there is cholera in the Camp. Barnard died of cholera on 5 Jul. The Poorbea (?) sepoys have been disarmed and turned out of Camp. The enemy attack every third or fourth day but are always driven back. Lists disarmed and mutinied Regiments There are about 12,000 sepoys at Delhi, with seemingly abundant guns and shot. The British have 12 siege guns and 28 field guns, but are short of ammunition other than for small arms. A holy war is preached in Delhi. Postscript of 14 Jul that the enemy are attacking, but not in force. General Reed is on the sick list. 4. Copy of a letter from H H Greathed to Mr Colvin, 29 Jul, reporting an improved position. The rebels are losing heart. Discusses the blowing up of the (Arsenal?) at Agra, believes it should not be blown until the fort was besieged. Comments on the Palace overtures. Revenue is coming in fast in Meerut. It has been found impossible to remove the soldiers' families from Meerut. 5. Extract from a letter from Lieutenant Colonel Becher, Quarter Master General Delhi, 29 Jul, reporting dissension in the City, and a shortage of money, ammunition and leadership. It seems likely there will be a row between the Hindus and Mahommedans on the Eed day. Lists reinforcements expected by the British. All is well at Meerut and at Peshawur. Supplies are good in the Delhi Camp, but there is much sickness. Asks for tents for the European troops moving up to Delhi.

39. Letter from J R Colvin, 4 Aug 1857. Sends copies of letters from Delhi. The gallantry of the troops is beyond praise. Colvin is anxious about the shortage of money at Agra, loans are being raised at 10% interest. Havelock's advance will ease the situation. One paper annexed: contains Two copies of letters, a. Copy of letter from H H Greathed to Colvin, Delhi, 30 Jul, sending Brigadier Wilson's reply. Above 4,000 reinforcements are expected from the Punjab. There has been no attack since the 23rd. The Neemuch General applied for two lacs of cartridges and other supplies, when offered about a quarter of his indent he refused to take any. The Bullubgurh Rajah is said to have been brought as a prisoner to Delhi because he did not find the money required. Greathed has received a letter from the Jhujjur Nuwab on the occasion of sending into Camp the family of Mr Kitchen and Chile (?) at Goorgaon. Greathed has not replied, the Nuwab is seriously compromised. There is a shortage of money and supplies in Delhi, which does not affect the fighting men as yet, for they mostly have their own supplies, plundered from the treasuries. The Jhansi had 600 Rupees each. A military transport train from Loodiana has been organized, and supplies travel down continuously. Muir's news of a battle at Cawnpore, and the British advance on Lucknow, tallies with the reports at Delhi. b. Copy of a letter from Brigadier Wilson to Mr Colvin, 30 Jul, Camp before Delhi, reporting that the enemy are very numerous, and may break through the British entrenchments and overwhelm the force. But the present position will be held to the end. Luckily the enemy have no head and no method, and are beginning to disagree among themselves. Nicholson is bringing reinforcements. If the force can hold on until these arrive, the position will be secure.

40. Letter from J R Colvin, 6 Aug 1857. Sends a copy of a letter from Delhi. Lieutenant Colonel Cotton has taken command at Agra. Colonel Fraser, Chief Engineer, has been anxious about the Fort, and with the Gwalior troops so close, the British cannot afford to move far. They might move on Hatrass, should the enemy try to establish themselves there. Could any of the 1st Brigade under Havelock have marched up country, the effect would have been wonderful. Asks for funds. Is glad Canning is well; Colvin's health is much shaken. One paper annexed: Copy of a letter from H H Greathed, Camp, 2 Aug. Chamberlain and Daly believe that the JM should not be blown up until the prospect of a siege is so imminent that it will be clear that the building was destroyed as a military precaution. The removal of the women and children from Meerut (nearly 1,000) has been found impossible. The position at Delhi will be held to the end. The Palace overtures came to nothing. Describes a series of attacks since 31 Jul. Communications with Meerut via Baghput are open. The Kumaon Battalion arrived on 1 Aug with treasure ammunition and stores. All is quiet in the Punjab. Greathed has received Colvin's order giving him power in Meerut Division. Captain Stewart of the 9th is in the Adjutant General's Department, Ford has gone to Hissar.

41. Letter from J R Colvin, 12 Aug 1857. Sends various papers. Urges the importance of the advance of all available troops to the Upper Doab. It is regrettable that the rebels can send detachments to collect funds both east and west of Delhi. Delhi cannot be taken without reinforcements. Asks for funds. Three papers annexed: 1. Extract from a letter from Mr Greathed, 7 Aug, reporting that a strong force left Delhi for Jhujjur to force 5 lacs out of the Nuwab. Another force has gone to Dasnah or Malaghur to levy money. The Maruarrees (?) and others are called upon for a forced loan. The Ghazees are going home, because they get nothing to eat. An attack on the British position died out. Nicholson has arrived, and the reinforcements will arrive from the 13th to 15th. 2. Extract of a letter from Mr Greathed, 8 Aug, Delhi, reporting an explosion in the powder manufactory in the City. Believes that Greathed's letter of 28 Jul has been captured, it concerned the opinions of the Punjab officers on the J. Md. The reports in the City are that General Havelock completely defeated Rajah Man Singh's army at Lucknow, and that the City was given up to plunder and massacre for three days. No serious attack on the British position since the 2nd. The health of the Camp is better. Captured sepoys always reply that the cartouche is the origin of the mutiny, no other cause has ever been mentioned. The King of Delhi has composed a couplet to the effect that the mighty English who boast of having vanquished Russ and Iran have been overthrown in Hindoostan by a single cartridge. A consciousness of their own power had grown up in the native army, and the cry of the cartridge brought the latent spirit of revolt into action. 3. Letter from the Lieutenant Governor, North West Provinces and the Officer Commanding at Agra to the Governor General in Council, Agra Fort, 11 Aug 1857; they wish to bring to the Governor General's notice the extent and speed with which the rebels are being organised. Allyghur has been occupied by Gose Mahommed Khan. All available Regiments should be sent up. All was well in the Camp before Delhi on 6 Aug, but there was no prospect of an early attack. Believing that Havelock's instructions were drawn up under a misapprehension as to the fall of Delhi, they suggest the concentration of force in a continued line from the Punjab downwards to Agra. The magazine at Agra is now quite isolated. They suggest the combination of the two Brigades. The Nawab of Furrackabad's force of three regiments is on the road between Futtegurh and Cawnpore as well as the troops (of) Boolundshur and Alligurh. If both Brigades were sent, one could maintain itself at Alligurh and the other could be sent to Delhi at any time as necessary. Asks for funds. They estimate the mutineers in the pay of the Maharajah at Gwalior as 4,500 Infantry, 900 Cavalry and 30 battery guns with some siege guns and ammunition. They send statements of the siege guns at Agra ready mounted for despatch or field service. In Greek characters.

42. Letter from J R Colvin, 15 Aug 1857. Comments on the action of the 5th Jul. The results of the action have been very serious. Feels he should give his opinion, although Brigadier Polwhele has been superseded by Lieutenant Colonel Cotton under the Governor General's orders. The Despatch does not mention a formal meeting held between Colvin, Polwhele and the senior military officers on 2 Jul when Colvin gave information about the Neemuch mutineers' Force. Colvin does not believe that there was both a troop of Horse Artillery and a Horse Battery with the mutineers. At the formal meeting Colvin asked how far the troops should advance to meet the enemy, and how the Kotah Contingent should be employed. Explains why, during the action, the loyal infantry were not allowed to charge. Has no satisfactory explanation for the shortage of ammunition. The spirit of defection among the natives was very infectious. As soon as the troops retired into the Fort, the military authorities ordered the mahouts to take their elephants to Allahabad; the mahouts at once deserted. The intention of the Neemuch Force in marching upon Agra is still uncertain. Under the circumstances, thinks that the decision to go out and meet the enemy as wise. There was the Jail to protect. The European Regiment in Agra was a new and raw one. The keeping of the soldiers inside the fort on the 6th, 7th and 8th has been criticised, and it is possible that the barracks and bungalows might have been saved. The police proved untrustworthy as soon as the military authority ceased. There was difficulty in obtaining information about what was going on in the City, and the men were worn out by the heat and exposure during the action. Very few Christian lives were lost. Colvin considers his want of any clear military authority may be very embarrassing. Also duplicate of this letter.

43. Letter from J R Colvin, 23 Aug 1857. Sends a copy of a letter to Sir J Lawrence on his opinion of the most likely way to ensure the capture of Delhi. Has sent word to Delhi that Havelock's force cannot make an early advance. Private. One paper annexed: Copy of a letter from Colvin to Sir John Lawrence, 21 Aug, remarking on the delay in the advance from the east, and the uncertainty of the relief of Lucknow. Suggests that every effort should be made to reinforce the Delhi Force, through the quiet countries of Scind and the Punjab, as passage through the Central Doab may be obstructed. Recommends the location of a force between Allahabad and Calcutta to keep the old Provinces quiet; and the collection of a force, probably to be sent through the Punjab, for Delhi. Troops in force should be sent towards the Upper Doab, Colvin suggests they should be concentrated so as to connect Agra with the country above Meerut, and the Punjab. Asks for Lawrence's views. Does not know what turned the Brahmins against the British, they may have been bored. The cartridge is the only grievance referred to by the men. The discontent may have been fostered by emissaries from Delhi and elsewhere, Colvin understands there is proof of this, though he has not seen it. The popular opinion at Delhi is that the old King was as much surprised as the British were. Believes there way have been a bad spirit in the 3rd Cavalry from causes of old standing. The other Cavalry Corp and the Artillery joined from the common army feeling, from the prospect of booty, love of power and independence, and, among the Mahomedans, from fanaticism.

44. Letter from J R Colvin, 29 Aug 1857. Sends various papers. Has telegraphed a copy of his letter to Brigadier Wilson on the possibility of reinforcing Meerut. Sends details about troop movements to and from Delhi. A party has been sent out from Agra against Hatrass and Allyghur. A force from Delhi is said to have gone towards Malagurh, and may meet the Agra troops. There is more news of uneasiness at Gwalior, and talk of an advance upon Agra and Delhi. Hopes for soldiers and funds within two months. There is much anxiety about the Lucknow Garrison. Respect for Europeans and for authority in Upper India is non-existent. Private. 7 papers annexed: 1. Letter from Mr Alexander, Commissioner of Bareilly, Nynee Tal, 10 Aug, listing letters received and lost. The lost letters contained some details about lost Europeans, and about the faithfulness of the Nawab of Rampore. Believes he could raise enough Thakoors in Bareilly to defeat the Mahommedan levies, but the men would probably return to their villages thereafter. Describes intrigues among the Nawab of Rampore's men. The Nawab has sent 30,000 rupees in gold, and some money may come from Koshipore. Lieutenant Gowon, 18th Native Infantry has written from a hiding place, he hears of others in hiding in neighbouring villages. Khan Bahadur Khan has collected only a little revenue. Hopes the day of retribution is near. Colvin's son is well. 2. Letter from G Campbell, Meerut, 18 Aug, who wishes to join Colvin if possible. He is trying very hard to get the Punjab troops to reoccupy the Doab down to Agra, while General Wilson is considering attacking Delhi. Nicholson will soon set them all on their feet again. Campbell asks for instructions; he wishes to serve Colvin in a model new Government. Mrs John Campbell is safe with the writer's wife at Simla. 3. Copy of a letter from Lieutenant Greathed to Colvin, before Delhi, 23 Aug, Greathed feels that he can write now that the cossids are so much more frequent. On Sir J Lawrence's recommendation Laughton was sent away, he was replaced by the admirable Taylor, and then by Baird Smith. The last has no particular ability for war, but is full of energy. Greathed has been in charge of the Left Attack, a task made more difficult by the lack of horses. News of Havelock's delay brings hope of a prompt decision about the attack on Delhi. Greathed believes much time has been wasted. Morale is once again good in the Camp, and the native troops are popular, smart, and useful. The enemy has lost courage. Is sorry to hear the accounts of the calamities of Agra, particularly the loss of Edward D'Oyley. 4. Memorandum on the orders from Headquarters Camp for sending the whole of the men of Her Majesty's 60th Rifles and 100 Artillery recruits with most of the Artillery officers and Non-commissioned Officers from Meerut to Delhi, by Mr Williams, Commissioner, giving reasons why it would be very unwise to weaken the Meerut force. Copy. 5. Letter from Williams, Meerut, 18 Aug, sending a copy of orders received by General Penny, prohibiting him from sending any Force against Malagurh. Discusses troops movements. It seems that no attack on Delhi is intended for a fortnight, but the troops which might clear the Doab are to be kept marching and counter-marching. The enemy will go on increasing and the well-affected will become more hopeless. 6. Copy of message from General Gowan to the Quarter Master General of the Army, Delhi, 14 Aug, Gowan agrees that all efforts should be directed against Delhi, and no operations undertaken at Malagurh. Also note that this message was forwarded to General Penny. 7. Copy of a letter from Mr Williams, not dated, forwarding information received from Moradabad, 14 Aug, about the intentions of the Puthans of Thakoordwara, near Kasheepoor. Major Mackenzie should be warned.

45. Letter from J R Colvin, 31 Aug 1857. Forwards a letter from Captain Ramsay, Commissioner in Kumaon, though it contains so much local allusion as to be almost unintelligible. So long as the Gurkhas continue faithful, Kumaon will be tranquil. Money will be short in two or three months. There are many refugees there. If the British could rapidly advance in strength towards Bijnore and Moradabad, there would be no formidable opposition. When the rains come, the refugee families will be able to cross to Mussoorie, and thence to the sea by the Punjab and Sind. Explains a reference in Ramsay's letter to the 'cow order'. Fears that there has been some mischief at Mount Aboo. One paper annexed: Letter from Captain Ramsay, Nynee Tal, 14 Aug. Ramsay hopes Colvin did not disapprove of the suspension of the cow order. The worst of the crisis seems to be over. Is drilling a company for repressive action in the cold weather against dacoits. Describes disturbances and looting. Describes the evacuation of the ladies, and local activity. The Nawab of Rampore has been very loyal, under difficulties. The Rajah of Gurhwal has sent Ramsay 50,000 Rupees. Gives news of some escaped Europeans. There has been damage by flood-water at the canal.