Mss Eur F699/1/1/2/4

Copy letters from Governor General Charles Canning to Robert Vernon Smith, numbered 48-95 with index and summaries. Continued from previous volume Mss Eur F699/1/1/2/3.

48. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 8 Jan 1857. Lord Canning writes that shortly after he closed his letter of 22 Dec he received a telegraph from Bombay announcing General Outram's appointment and arrival. He has also received a letter from Vernon Smith, who hopes that Canning will not think there has been an invasion of the Governor General's privilege in the matter of the appointment. Canning will not raise the question of privilege, and has assured Outram of his support. Canning did not wish Outram to be appointed because he did not think a political head of the Army was necessary while operations remained on the coast and because of Outram's health. Had operations extended beyond the mountains, the Governor General intended to send General Anson to command, with Sir Henry Lawrence as Political Agent and probably Colonel Sydney Cotton. Outram's plan of operations are very good. Outram hopes to go from Shuster to Ispahan; but Sir H Rawlinson thinks the way is impossible for a loaded mule. Charles Murray believes the road to be practicable for Artillery the whole way, but Rawlinson's opinion is more trustworthy. But Outram's plan is still good, because from Shuster he can threaten the interior towards Shiraz and towards Kermanshah, and distract and divide the Persian Forces. He deserves credit also for proposing to turn the hills between Bushire and Shiraz into a sanatorium and menacing point. Canning can find only one officer who has seen the Valley of Kisht, and he gives a favourable account of it. Outram contemplates a march on Herat from India, Canning thinks Vernon Smith has not discouraged this idea strongly enough. If Herat can only be recovered in this way, it is not worth recovering. Persia cannot be attacked from Herat. The war cannot be transferred from the Gulf to Afghanistan, it could be carried on in both quarters if the Home Government so decides, but the cost would have to be considered. The prospect of an expedition to Herat is popular in India and especially with the army. Sir H Lawrence hopes that no expedition to Herat will be sent, the Army would have to be a very different sort of one from that of 1838 or 1842. The Division for the Gulf will be much larger than that proposed by Outram in England, not much under 6,000 fighting men, from Bombay. Bengal troops will have to help garrison Bombay which the Bengal Army will not like. Canning intends to make Lieutenant Colonel Jacob a Brigadier General and Colonel Havelock a Major General. Believes that Outram's political instructions fetter him too closely. Wishes to be assured that the Home Government will only interfere in diplomatic matters, and not in military affairs. Defend himself against Clarendon's annoyance that the Governor General diminished the force originally proposed by Sir H Somerset. It never occurred to Lord Canning to send the 14th Dragoons to Persia merely to recover their good name, especially as they were still commanded by Colonel Doherty, who had failed to lead them on at Chillianwalla. Canning has considered the question of more troops for the Gulf, and if they are required before the Bengal Division is organised native troops can be sent from near Calcutta or Europeans from Pegu. Canning does not blame Commander Jones for sending the Staff Officers away from Bushire, because the people of the Town knew the Expedition was on the point of sailing and they were very excited. Private.

49. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 8 Jan 1857. Lord Canning praises the capture of Bushire. There was little or no damage to private property, and no non-combatant was injured, and friendly relations and trade with the locals have been established. Two blunders made were the scarcity of boats for landing because local Arab boats were expected to be for hire, and the delay in landing the tents and baggage. Lord Canning has no doubt that the fault is Sir Henry Leeke's. Fortunately Leeke has orders to return to Bombay as soon as the troops are encamped. General Stalker's narrative of events is satisfactory, but not his private letters; he does not seem to be a decisive man, and will be better as a 2nd in command than as chief, Canning hopes he will remain to serve under Outram. The General mentioned 35 names in his Despatch as deserving of thanks, so many that Canning has had to omit all the names in the Gazette Order.

50. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 9 Jan 1857. Lord Canning sends lithographed copies of the plan of Bushire by Major Hill and a letter to the Queen (no papers annexed). The plan may have reached Vernon Smith by Bombay already. Probably the creek should have been entered, but the neglect was of no consequence.

51. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 23 Jan 1857. Lord Canning is very glad to hear that the Government have agreed to share with the East India Company the extraordinary expenses of the war. The Court's drawings amount to nearly half a million sterling, and with the increasing expenses of the Persian war, the fall in opium, the Amir's subsidy and the rise in the interest in money, the Government of India has decide to close the 4 ½ % Loan and open a 5 % Loan. Comments on the terms of the new Loan. General Stalker has sent reports of the movements of Persian troops at Shiraz, and between Shiraz and Bushire. If the Indian force is opposed below Kisht, Outram will probably abandon all advance there, and concentrate on Shuster. Outram asked for a Regiment of Scind Horse, but on the representations of Brigadier General Jacob the Scind Horse will be left on the Frontier, and a mixed force of Irregulars will be sent. The chief reason for not moving the Scind Horse is because it might be thought that the Government could not maintain a force in the Gulf without stripping the Frontier of its defences. Sends the rough draft of the agreement with the Amir (not annexed). Praises the negotiators. The first aim was to find out whether the Amir thought he could recover Herat, and if so how and with what aid. The Amir wanted so much aid to recover Herat that this scheme was abandoned. He has, however been given sufficient aid to enable him to defend his frontier; The subsidy will continue until the end of the war, or until the Governor General decides. English officers are to be received at Kabul, Kandahar, Bulk or elsewhere, so long as the subsidy is continued. The Border Afghans have been forgiven past offences. Comments on the advantages of the agreement, hopes the Cabinet will approve. Lord Canning is convinced that English officers should not have gone to Herat. The Afghan chiefs were so convinced that the presence of an English officer would offend the people of Kabul that Major Lumsden, who is to go to Kandahar, will be sent round by the Kelat, Frontier and the Bolan Pass. The British are not so much detested in Herat as in Kabul, but circumstances are altered from Eldred Pottinger's time. General Anson has been in Calcutta, and Lord Canning has discussed the Bengal Division with him. More Europeans are needed from England, the Persian War is a great drain on the resources of India. The Governor General has not had time to deal with the Amalgamation Reports. The Procedure Bills are to be read a first time on 24 Jan.

52. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 7 Feb 1857. Lord Canning has received a letter from Outram asking whether it would be advisable to hand over Mohummerah to the Turks. Canning telegraphed the substance bf his reply to Lord Elphinstone to be sent on to Vernon Smith (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 72), and now sends the letters themselves (not annexed). After seeing Clarendon's reply to Captain Kemball he believes his answer to Outram was the correct one. Thanks Vernon Smith for telling him of the Chairman's grievances; he had already made his peace with the Court over Sir Henry Leeke, in which matter Canning was entirely wrong, and will write about the proclamation, in which the Governor General thinks he was in the right. Canning has appealed for European Regiments. For his reasons refers Vernon Smith to the Minute. Canning now thinks more troops are needed in Persia than he originally supposed, because of the number of the Persian troops and their unexpected activity, because of increased mistrust of the tribes, and because the country is more difficult than expected. Sends a letter from General Stalker (not annexed), it is probable that Outram will have to give up Shuster and establish himself on the Shiraz hills, perhaps occupying Bebehar. Murray has written from Bushire, very angry with everybody. Lord Canning will not now send Anson in command to Persia, unless Outram breaks down. The Agreement with the Amir has been completed, the papers are still in circulation. Describes trouble among a sepoy Regiment, an example which should be remembered, of the risks ever present in India, and of the impossibility of denuding the country of British troops. The Regiment, divided between two different stations more than 100 miles apart, took to burning the officers bungalows and other buildings. By the merest chance the officer in charge of the Fort in Calcutta learnt the cause of the discontent, or its alleged cause, is a suspicion that some new cartridges which have been issued have been greased with beef fat. The Regiment has a bad reputation. The grease grievance, which turns out to be well founded, has been removed by allowing the men to buy their own grease, and apply it themselves. As yet there has been no greater inconvenience than that of disposing the European Regiment in such a manner as to be most available in case of trouble. If as some officers believe, the Brahmins are at the bottom of it, trouble might rise up in another shape, and small as the matter appears it might easily have become large and serious. The Governor General is glad he has been given some powers of discretion in the matter of the Oudh landed estate, he will not carry out the measure unless he can find a way of protecting the landholders against the King's agents. Sir H Lawrence will be appointed to Oudh, and Outram to Rajpootana, a good arrangements if Sir Henry's health lasts. The Governor General will expedite the papers on salt. Sends a telegraphic message from Bombay answering a question as to the current extraordinary expenses of the war (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 5), at present more than 9 ½ lacs a month.

53. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 22 Feb 1857. Lord Canning believes he has already answered the questions in Vernon Smith's letter of 10 Jan. The object to be secured in the terms of peace with Persia is that Herat must not be in Persian hands but may be in Afghan hands. The principle could be laid down, and the choice of the ruler left open. The Amir's suggestion of a son of Syed Mahomed Khan is for him a liberal one because the youth has been brought up under Persian influence, but the Government of India knows nothing of the boy, and it would be best to wait for information about the parties in Afghanistan from the officers about to go to Kandahar. Sends a copy of a letter from Sir John Lawrence dated 30 Jan on the subject. Canning can think of nothing that would reconcile him to a march upon Herat. Believes that to move an army across Afghanistan would raise most of the nation against the British. The present aim of Government should be to establish confidence and, good will towards the British throughout Afghanistan, and the agreement with the Amir will go far towards this. Colonel Edwardes reports that the Amir on leaving Peshawur complained that the negotiators persuaded him to state his wishes about Herat, and then fell back on the protection of the frontier. But with this exception both he and his chiefs were pleased, admitted they had been treated honourably and liberally, and that the English had proved better than their word. For the first time the Government has given more to the Afghans than it has demanded in return; this is bound to have a good effect in the end. Sir J Bowring's application for a European Regiment was followed by the demand for 5,000 men, Queen's troops if possible, and steamers of light draft, to subjugate Canton. It was impossible to meet this request, the only suitable steamer, on the east side of India had been sent to Persia, and on the other side the Bombay Government had been obliged to trek up the Indus Navigation for the same purpose. There is only one European Regiment available, which is being kept as a reserve for Bushire. The only troops which can be sent to China are those at the Straits, about 440 men and 3 light guns, which have already been sent to Hong Kong, and some further Madras troops which come from India. Further native troops can be sent if necessary, when the steamers return. Complains of the shortage of steamers. Canning has received disturbing reports of the spirit of the 47th Native Infantry one of the Regiments due for relief after having been in Pegu for 3 years the reliefs must be sent; or the troops will regard it as a breach of faith. Canning has heard a rumour that his application for additional steamers will be refused, because the amalgamation of the Indian Navy and the Bengal Marine will remove the deficiency. But unless more steamers are allowed, the movements of the Bengal Division for Persia in the autumn will be seriously crippled and retarded. Describes the inquiry into the insubordination of the 2nd Grenadiers. The Regiment was divided between Raneegunge and Barrackpore, and at both stations fires broke out simultaneously, and the telegraph was damaged. The grease on the cartridges was thought to be the grievance, and steps were taken to remove this grievance. In the meantime it was reported by a sepoy that there was to be a meeting of delegates from the four Regiments at Barrackpore, to take measures against being compelled to become Christians, and to rise against their officers. The troops were watched, and no meeting took place. A native officer reported that he had attended a meeting on another night, when. it was proposed to put all the Europeans of the station to death on a certain night, to plunder the station, and to disperse. General Hearsey made a soothing speech to the Brigade at Barrackpore, and the station is now quite quiet. The antipathy to the cartridges does not appear to have spread, although the men of the 2nd Grenadiers were not satisfied with the removal of the grease, and declared that there was grease in the paper. There is a mutinous spirit amongst the one Regiment chiefly concerned, and they will require close watching. General Hearsey believes they have been tampered with, and thinks he has traced this to the King of Oudh's people at Garden Reach. Canning does not believe Hearsey's evidence is conclusive, but if there has been any attempt to seduce the sepoys it is much more likely to have come from the Oudh courtiers than from the Brahmins. If the bad feeling were to spread, which Canning hopes is unlikely, in spite of the tact that another Regiment at Barrackpore has bean tainted with it, the want of a stronger European force near the Presidency would be a source of great weakness. With the exception of the one regiment at Calcutta there is not a man within 3 weeks march; Dinapore is the nearest station with an English Regiment. The Memorial in the name of the King of Oudh which came from London has been sent to the King and he has been told that if he so wishes, the Governor General will consider the Memorial as coming from the King himself, but that confusion will come from double channels of communication. Some of the complaints are new. The present aim of the King's courtiers seems to be to prevent Major Herbert, Agent between the King and the Governor General having access to the King. Scindia has been to Calcutta on a visit, describes him. Private.

54. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 23 Feb 1857. Lord Canning asks Vernon Smith to treat Sir John Lawrence's letter, sent with Canning's letter of 22 Feb, as private, because this is a matter on which Sir John has shown some sensitiveness. Hopes there will soon be a decision about Peacock, he would be a great loss to the Government of India if he retired. Private.

55. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 11 Mar 1857. Lord Canning writes for the Bombay mail to Vernon Smith. All was quiet at Hong Kong and in the northern ports on 17 Feb. Is glad that Vernon Smith approves of the refusal to send a European Regiment from India to China, some of the merchants were angry, and Madras offered to send one but Canning declined to allow this. The exaggeration of the Meeranzaie expedition into an occupation of Afghanistan is one of the misrepresentations often put out by the Calcutta newspapers, which the English papers have chosen to take up. The lie is far more harmless than many that have appeared about Oudh and Nagpore, because the Amir knew the purpose of the Expedition and never thought of demurring to it. Canning has kept Vernon Smith fully informed of the movement and of its object. Such expeditions are common, and two more are planned, it is important to bring the Frontier under control before the Government force is weakened by drafts for the Bengal Division for Persia. Approves of Outram's march upon Boorazgoon; there will be no difficulty in giving Outram adequate reinforcements to enable him to leave General Stalker sufficiently strong at Bushire while he goes to Mohummerah. There is a great shortage of steamers, and the Expedition to the Gulf seems unwilling to return steamers. Part of the reinforcements will have to be sent in sailing ships. The cartridge question among the sepoys has become graver, and a Regiment at Berhampore mutinied, describes the course of events there. It seems possible that the mutinous tegiment, the 19th Native Infantry, was urged on by the two discontented regiments at Barrackpore. Unless anything comes out of the inquiry to excuse the 19th Native Infantry, the regiment will be marched to Barrackpore to be disarmed and dismissed in the presence of the two originally offending regiments, Barrackpore will be the best place, because a European force can be most easily collected there. The force will be strong enough to make the proceeding perfectly safe, and Canning hopes, to overawe all resistance. It is a painful and odious task. The 19th will not leave their station for a few days on account of the scarcity of baggage conveyance. The men cannot be disarmed and disbanded at their own station, because the European Regiments cannot safely be taken either from Dinapore or Calcutta.

56. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 22 Mar 1857. Lord Canning thanks Vernon Smith for his congratulations over Lord Dunkellin, Canning is pleased that he has done so well at Bushire. Sends an extract from a letter from Outram (not annexed) asking for local military rank for Lord Seymour, this is not a matter in which Canning can do anything. Canning is glad to hear of Sir Frederick Currie's appointment, the little the Governor General knows of him makes him think that he is a gentleman and good to deal with. Colonel Tait is returning to England, broken in health. Asks if any application has been made in favour of the son of Brigadier Stopford who was killed at Reshire, it would be very kind to give the boy a cadetship. Canning never thought Gladstone and Disraeli would draw so close, and will not believe in an alliance until he sees it. Regrets that his last letter was cut short by ill health. Canning thinks Vernon Smith is inconsistent to frown upon the extravagance of the war, and at the same time propose a revival of Bagnell's Farm. Private.

57. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 22 Mar 1857. Lord Canning is glad to hear that Parliament has opened well for the Government in all matters, Persia included. Defends the Proclamation of War of 1 Nov. Canning thought it would have been monstrous to go to war in the Gulf without a declaration of war, because relations with Bushire had been friendly up to the last moment. Notice was necessary in India, to deal with the question of Persian residents, and Persian trade. There was no time to await a declaration from England. Was obliged to mention the instructions of Government, otherwise he could be accused of making war on his own authority. Hopes the Cabinet will not think that in recording his views against an expedition to Herat Canning has said anything which the Court can use against the Government. But on a question of such serious consequences to India he could not have kept back his opinions. He bitterly regrets the necessity of the war in the Gulf, as war cuts short all improvements and progress in India, but no-one can say that the operations have not been whole-heartedly carried out. Canning is not going to change his opinions of an advance upon Herat for Ellenborough, though he has great respect for Ellenborough's views on Indian questions. Vernon Smith speaks of the old policy of keeping Kabul, Kandahar and Herat in different hands. Even if this were possible, which it is not, Canning would dispute the policy. Agrees that Herat would be a useful buffer, but it is impossible to maintain Herat's neutrality. Vernon Smith and Ellenborough agree that whatever is the real value of Herat it would be considered ignominious in the east if after the Government's repeated assertions of its importance, and after the fall of Kars, it was not protected. Canning does not dispute this, but thinks protection should be given by way of the Gulf, and not by an army marched through Afghanistan. Is glad to see in the Foreign Office letter of 20 Jan that all question of a joint acknowledgement of the independence of Herat is abandoned and by the letter of 23 Jan that Outram is not to be tied down closely to the drafts of Treaty. It will be quite right to stipulate so far as Persia is concerned that the British should be free to send an Agent to Herat, whether the British should require the ruler of Herat to receive him is doubtful. General Outram's last letter to Canning is dated 25 Feb, written impatiently when the 2nd Division was long overdue, owing to the shortage of steamers. Discusses troop movements. Agrees with Outram that the advance on Shiraz should take place in the spring, not the autumn. Sends a private letter of 15 Feb, from Outram (not annexed). Outram needs less troops than Canning anticipated in his Minute of 7 Feb, but the European Regiments are nevertheless needed from England. For the advance beyond Shiraz, Outram requires all additional forces to be Europeans. This may be exaggerated, but nevertheless Lord Canning thinks it should not be necessary to go beyond Shiraz. Discusses future plans for the Army in Persia. Outram is disappointed by the restrictions put upon the enlistment of Arabs in the Gulf who are subjects of the Shah by the Queen's Government. Canning believes the restrictions should be continued, because of the impossibility of protecting the Arabs after the war. Sends part of his Minute on this (not annexed); if Arabs cannot be employed, Irregular Cavalry will have to be sent from India without their horses. Is glad to hear that General Stalker may be made KCB, hopes Sir H Leeke will be included, he has cleared himself of all blame in the slow landing of the troops at Reshire, and the delay in landing the tents and baggage at Bushire. Canning has not called for explanation about the boats not being sent into the creek because the success was complete without it, and because the movement which would have caused casualties within the town was best avoided. Sir H Leeke was nevertheless very difficult, and Canning still regrets sending him.

58. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 23 Mar 1857. Lord Canning reports on the 19th Native Infantry who are on their way to Barrackpore to be disbanded. The Commander in Chief agrees with the justice of the punishment. Canning regrets that it is to be the 19th which is disbanded, and not the 2nd Grenadiers or the 34th Native Infantry who were the first and most inveterate offenders. Fears that the Colonel of the 19th frightened the men rather than calming them. The Commander in Chief agrees with the choice of Barrackpore for the disbandment, the only objection that 1,000 disbanded men will be turned loose near Calcutta is outweighed by the other advantages of the place. Her Majesty's 84th has arrived from Pegu. Comments on the cause of the trouble; the objections to the cartridges and fear for religion are the sincere reason for most of the men's discontent, but these ideas are put into their heads by others and by persons not in the army, although once accepted, such ideas are disseminated from one Corps to another without external aid. Whether the prime movers are political malcontent, such as the King of Oudh's followers, or religious alarmists, Brahmins angry at widow marriage, and other classes of the old Bengali race Canning cannot say at present. The Bazaar reports in connection with the seditious movement have reference to religion, for example it is being said by native newspapers and others that Canning came to India to force the natives into Christianity, and that before the Governor General left England he signed an agreement with Palmerston to convert the whole army within two years. But the religious feelings of the sepoys are those which are most easily played upon, and the moving purpose may be purely political in spite of the Bazaar reports. Investigations will be made. A Court Martial is sitting on the case of the two sepoys of the 2nd Grenadiers who were caught attempting to tamper with the guard of the Mint, some cause of the disaffection may be found. The order for general enlistment has nothing whatever to do with the matter. The expedition against the Bazaars has been in action, with some 40 casualties including Major Coke wounded. A young civilian in Oudh, Charles Boileau, has been killed by a dacoit Fuzul Ali. Sir A Bogle has been hunting a jungle robber in the Tenasserim Provinces, without reference to the Government of India Bogle organized an expedition which lost four European soldiers and some natives without capturing the robber. Bogle is leaving for England, Canning does not think highly of him. The Governor General has used his veto for the first time, to stop a Bill passed by the Legislative Council for Police in the suburbs of Calcutta, with a clause aimed at native music, religious processions and ceremonies, which was only introduced on the third reading. Jackson has left Oudh and is replaced by Sir Henry Lawrence. Comments on Jackson's failings. The Loan is improving, and should reach 6 lacs by he end of April. There is certain to be a large deficit in the Government of India's accounts at the beginning of 1857/8, which will not improve during the year unless some new means of supply are introduced. There is no chance of reducing old taxes, certainly not the salt tax. As soon as possible the Moturpha taxes should be abolished, they are most oppressive and very unjust in their working. Canning proposes to raise the Import Duty. Mr Ricketts has finished at Bombay and is at Madras on the last stage of his work.

59. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 25 Mar 1857. Lord Canning has heard by a newspaper telegraph from Bombay that a Treaty had been concluded with Persia in Paris; but Elphinstone quelled these hopes by telegraphing that he had heard from Vernon Smith that negotiations are not going well. Canning is not much disappointed he had no confidence in Ferook Khan. The Bozdars have given in and come to satisfactory terms; hostages will be taken. A new telegraph line is opening from Hyderabad to the Presidencies. Colvile is to be married to Miss Grant. Private.

60. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 9 Apr 1857. Lord Canning reports the disbandment of the 19th Regiment without trouble, the measure is thought to have made a deep impression. The 34th is in a dangerous state, the 2nd Grenadiers seem to be repentant. Describes the attack of a sepoy of the 34th on a European officer two days before the disbandment, when the Quarter Guard refused to act. The man has been hanged, and a Court Martial is sitting on the case of the Guard. Does not think that grounds will be found for disbanding the Regiment though it deserves this more than the 19th. The Colonels too will have to be dealt with, Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell of the 19th is already before a Court of Enquiry, it seems unlikely that he will be found fit for further command. The Lieutenant Colonel of the 34th, Wheler, is entirely devoted to religious teaching, his answer to an inquiry by Lord Canning shows that he is not fit for command. If the disaffection of the 34th is traced to the offensive indiscretion of the Colonel he may be made a public example of; if this is not found, he will be removed quietly, being transferred to another Regiment which he would never join. To give a fuller account of the mutiny, sends copies of his letters to the Commander in Chief (not annexed, marked in margin dated 15, 28/9, 30, 31 Mar, 4 Apr). There are threats of trouble at Umballa on the cartridge question, Canning does not yet know what Anson has done but hopes he has not agreed to the proposal of the sepoys of the Musketry School to postpone practice with the cartridge. The Governor General has not yet traced any political agency at work amongst the troops and seeing how large a share of the movement in Bengal is attributable to the 34th Regiment, and having regard to the proceedings of their Colonel, believes that alarm for religion and caste lies nearer the root of it that he had formerly supposed. Hopes to get some clue to the truth. The Mahomedans of the disbanded 19th have shown signs of wanting to separate themselves from the Hindus whenever questions have been put to them bearing upon their crime, and something may come of this.

61. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 9 Apr 1857. Lord Canning's last letter from Outram is dated 11 Mar, he expected to embark for Mohummera on the 14th. The delay has been caused by the want of steam transport. Even sailing transport is failing at Bombay, only one vessel is obtainable in Calcutta for the freight of coal to Bushire. Canning does not mind the Regiments being kept in England until Jun or Jul so much as he would mind any delay in sending out steamers. Gholab Sing has had a paralytic stroke, if he dies there will be disturbances in Cashmere, with which nothing would induce Canning to meddle, though Cashmere would make a pretty sounding addition to the Provinces under the Government of India. The expedition against Wuzerees has been postponed because of the lateness of the season. Mr Jackson is in Calcutta on his way to England, Canning describes his character. Hope to hear that the negotiations with Ferook Khan are ended one way or another. Outram's letter mentions symptoms of a proposal to treat which if it comes to anything, is more likely to be successful than negotiations in Paris. Doubts Ferook Khan's powers of negotiating. Will try to reply about the Legal Codes by the next mail. The Legislative Council are not long-winded, but have a great love of amending and re-amending. Has heard by telegraph of the intended Dissolution.

62. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 9 Apr 1857. Lord Canning has just heard by telegraph from Elphinstone of peace with Persia, and of the belief that it will be ratified by the Shah. Will apologise for his suspicions of Ferook Khan when the ratifications arrive. The steamer sent with the news for Outram will not arrive in time to save Mohummera by many days. The one person who will not be pleased is the Amir, he will have to be given a bonus. Regrets the death of General Stalker, of which he knows no details.

63. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 22 Apr 1857. Lord Canning regrets that Vernon Smith was annoyed not to receive earlier notice of the change in the terms of the Loan. Explains his reasons for the alteration, comments on the way the Court treats the Government of India in matters of finance. Has already written as strongly as is respectful on the Court's practice; does not understand the Court's reply on the necessity of the present system of drawing Bills, and asks Vernon Smith to explain it, or ask the advice of some sound and impartial authority, suggesting Lord Overstone. The new Loan continues well. Had Canning known what importance Vernon Smith attached to being notified of the change, he would have held up the increase from 4% to 5% for a fortnight longer. Vernon Smith writes with alarm of Canning's mention of an advance upon Kisht; fortunately the fighting is over, but nevertheless Canning protests against any attempt to hamper the Commander of the Army and the Governor General by making them refer to England. The Cabinet used to deplore the French Emperor's passion for directing operations in the Crimea from Paris, but that is nothing compared with directing Outram's marches from London. Neither Canning nor Outram imagined that the Queen's Government intended to interfere in the details of the Persian War. Canning is glad Vernon Smith approves of the Treaty with the Amir; he believes the subsidy should be continued for three months after ratification of the peace, the settlement of Herat may be difficult and it will be useful to have the connection with the Amir. Also it is the Government's best policy to teach the Amir and the Afghans that the British are better than their words. The information Canning hoped for from Major Lumsden on the state of the parties in Afghanistan has not arrived, as the peace came so soon. Probably the arrangement for Herat suggested by the Amir will be the best one, it must be ensured that the ruler set up has some following, and the British must not put themselves prominently forward in choosing or installing him. The Treaty seems excellent, except that in Article V Herat is called part of Afghanistan, and in the succeeding Articles is considered separately, Canning wishes the view adopted in Article V had been retained throughout. Hopes there is no fear that the Shah will not accept the Article about the communication of his offensive letter to other Courts. The fall of Mohummera should please Vernon Smith, it was well done by the Indian Navy. Canning hopes that Vernon Smith does not expect him to increase the Queen's Regiments in India at the cost of a reduction of the Company's European troops. Does not wish to make India more dependent than it is already on the Queen's troops. The interests of India are not always considered in England when other important matters are uppermost, and Queen's Regiments have in the past been diverted away from India. To deal with the disaffection of the native Army Canning was obliged to send to the other end of Pegu for an English Regiment, and if the Persian war had at that time taken one more European Corps away the 19th could not have been disbanded with safety at Barrackpore, and it would have been risky to have marched the Regiment up country for disbandment. It is the division of command which is dangerous, the Home authorities feel that India can all but look after itself with the Company's Army and therefore remove the Royal Regiments. Were the only Army in India the Queen's, this would not be the case. Canning wishes to have more European troops without additional expense, and believes he can achieve this by reducing the number of men in the native Regiments from 1,000 to 800. New barracks will have to be built for European troops. Asks what troops are likely to be needed from India for China, hopes that nothing more than a contingent will be required. Outram has been authorised to send back his European Regiments at his discretion. Peace will allow some modification of the new Tariff proposals, not of the salt tax. Reports the trial of the Quarter Guard at Barrackpore who refused to act, the Jemadar was hanged, and confessed his crime and the justice of his punishment. Canning regrets the delay between the sentence and the execution which was due to General Hearsey not being given the proper authority by the Commander in Chief. The 19th Native Infantry has dispersed without disturbance: the court of inquiry on Colonel Mitchell is closed temporarily. The inquiry into the condition of the 34th Native Infantry is most unsatisfactory, but does not justify disbandment. There will be no more executions. Comments on the request of the Bishop of Calcutta for a coadjutor which proposal Canning supports, recommends Archdeacon Pratt for the post. Another Bishop ought to be given to Scindia for the Upper Provinces. Mr Daniel Eliott, Madras Member of the Legislative Council, is coming to England and will report on the Bills before Council. He is reliable on Madras, but not on Bengal matters. Canning does not like the China War, but thinks the Government had no choice, it could not decently disown Bowring, though he richly deserves it; comments on the causes of the war. The Chinese are sufficiently in the wrong to make the toneof the Opposition in Parliament inexcusable. All tell him that the Government will be returned triumphantly. Asks Vernon Smith to tell Labouchere that emigration to Mauritius is to be reopened as from 22 Apr.

64. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 2 May 1857. Lord Canning regrets that he did not comment earlier upon the possibility of the Queen of Oudh having an interview with the Queen. He would be sorry if the Queen saw the Oudh family it would not embarrass the Government of India, but would retard the King's acceptance of his position, and would confirm him in the hope that something better is coming. It would also tend to keep unsettled the minds of the other Lucknow malcontents who refuse to accept the change. If there was any question of making further concessions to the King, and coupling these with an audience, this would be most mischievous. Two of the sepoy Regiments in Oudh have shown signs of being troublesome, and Canning expects to hear more of them when some of the 34th reach there. The Governor General intends to disband all the 34th who were not on detached duty on the day when the trouble took place at Barrackpore; three Companies of the Regiment are at Chittagong and behaving well. In Oudh the Irregular Force is in admirable condition, and the Governor General believes thoroughly trustworthy, though this has not yet been proved beyond their readiness for overseas service. Will send the Mauritius papers. The subscriptions to the 5% Loan have reached a million sterling, and are going on well.

65. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 19 May 1857. Lord Canning regrets that his letter for the last mail did not catch the mail steamer. The disbandment of the 34th took place, and the Barrackpore Brigade continue to behave well as they have done since the 19th was disarmed. But events have taken place in the North West which are trying the temper and fidelity of the whole Bengal Army. Reports the mutiny at Meerut and at Delhi, though no full details are known, both telegraph and dawks being interrupted by the mutineers, and only just re-established with Meerut. The horrors which are known show sufficiently the temper to which the sepoys have, been excited. Delhi is in the hands of the five rebel Regiments and has been since the 11th. Meerut is safe in the hands of the European troops of the station. On all sides of Delhi troops are being collected, Europeans and Irregulars, and when the Europeans are in sufficient strength they will close in and crush the rebels in Delhi. This cannot be done for some days. The Commander in Chief is on his way down from the Hills. South of Delhi Colvin is keeping the roads quiet, collecting troops from Gwalior where Scindia has come forward loyally, and encouraging his own garrison. Colvin is confident, and his courage and judgement are beyond praise. In Oudh there has been trouble with one Irregular Regiment and at least one Regular Corps cannot be trusted. So long as Delhi is in the hands of the rebels Sir H Lawrence's position will be critical; and it will be a severe trial of the loyalty of any Regiments in which there are seeds of disaffection and which are not restrained by a European Force. Believes there was great mismanagement at Meerut. Canning is most anxious about the country from Barrackpore to Agra; in this length of 750 miles there is only European Regiment at Dinapore. There is a Sikh Regiment at Benares and at Allahabad, and 100 European invalids have been sent to Allahabad. The two most important objects are the expulsion of the rebels from Delhi, and the collection of Europeans at Delhi to be sent up country. Lists the troops being collected from Madras, Rangoon, Persia via Bombay, Ceylon and the China Force. China can wait for troops, India, if the crisis comes, cannot. Sends a copy of his letter to Elgin (not annexed). Asks for the Regiments due to the full complement of Queen's Corps in India to be sent out immediately, and for support for the proposal for three new European Regiments for the Company's Army. In India nothing will be left to chance, and Canning will not list the smaller measures of precaution being taken. It is a disadvantage to be 900 miles from Delhi, but the troops are gathering as quickly as the season allows, and Canning is confident that with Colvin's aid and example every man concerned will be inspired to do his utmost. The Commander in Chief has been impressed with the vital importance of finishing Delhi quickly: Delhi once crushed and a terrible example made, there will be no more difficulties. The Governor General refers Vernon Smith to the Despatches and telegrams for the atrocities of the rebels, he knows no further information and does not wish to dwell upon them.

66. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 20 May 1857. Lord Canning sends a letter which he hopes will reach Bombay in time for the packet, which will be delayed as long as is safe. After closing his letter of 19 May Canning saw the Overland sheet of the Bengal Hurkaru which might alarm Vernon Smith as to the state of things in Calcutta. The panic among the Englishmen in Calcutta is disgraceful, Canning has never met such a set of old women. The panic is absolutely without justification. It is most improbable that there will be any trouble with the Calcutta sepoys, and if it should arise there is sufficient force to crush every man who moves a finger. Officers of the Army Staff and of the Fort are amongst the worst of the croakers. All is well at Agra, Allahabad, Benares, Oudh and elsewhere. Canning would like to hear that more speed was being made in the proceedings against Delhi, but he has no reason to suppose that there is any unavoidable delay. The Governor General is writing to the Chairman with a list of those who have escaped from Delhi.

67. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 5 Jun 1857. Lord Canning reports the death of General Anson by cholera, at Umballa or at Kurnaul, the news will have reached Vernon Smith by telegraph. The last news from Anson was that he did not expect to be before Delhi until the 8th, because he waited for the siege guns. Defeat for the Government forces at Delhi would in the present temper of India be disastrous, but Canning doubts if the siege guns were worth their cost in delay. The walls of the City have no guns, and might, Canning is told, be breached if necessary by field artillery. Sir H Barnard has been telegraphed to take command, he is with the Headquarters of the Force, or near at hand, he is active and energetic, and his succession will cause least delay. The fact that he has been scarcely two months in India is nothing against him so far as taking Delhi is concerned. Major General Reed Commanding at Peshawur succeeds of right as Provisional Commander in Chief through seniority. Sir Patrick Grant has been told to come to Calcutta to assume the post of Acting Commander in Chief. General Hewitt at Meerut must be superseded by General Penny. Canning has taken every means possible to tell Barnard of the importance of speed, but the state of the country makes communication uncertain. Sends the last letter from Colvin (not annexed). Describes the defeat of the Delhi mutineers on the 30th, they are said to be entirely without organization and quarrelling amongst themselves. Allyghur has been plundered, but is recovered. The Lieutenant Governor at Agra has been obliged to disarm his two native regiments who refused to be soothed even by the Lieutenant Governor's unhappy Proclamation. For the last 30 hours the telegraph has been interrupted between Agra and Cawnpore, so that Calcutta is no longer in communication with Agra, Bombay, or Madras. Describes the condition of Lucknow and Oudh, of Cawnpore and Allahabad, Benares, Azimgurh and Calcutta. Canning's main efforts are now directed to Allahabad and Cawnpore, the slowness of moving Europeans up-country is heartbreaking. The regiments at Barrackpore are testifying to their loyalty, the 70th and remaining half of the 34th have asked to be led against the mutineers, the 43rd are going to ask to be armed with the new rifle and cartridges and even the two worst Companies amongst the 2nd received their ammunition and fired it with a good grace on the Queen's Birthday. Canning has taken care to show confidence in these Regiments, is sure it is having a good effect. Other Regiments have asked to be allowed to fight against the rebels. This gives a reassuring show of strength, the panic has calmed down or is concealed. Canning has been able to keep up the stream of troops northwards by drawing more upon Barrackpore than he would otherwise have done, but he does not really believe that all the regiments would remain loyal if hard pressed, though as yet many of them are not only untainted, but indignant at the conduct of their comrades. Describes reinforcements arriving. Canning has tried to make it difficult for Elgin to refuse to give up the China Regiments, but they cannot arrive before far on in Jul. Whatever happens at Delhi and in India, India will need an additional European Force of two regiments of Infantry and one Regiment of Dragoons. From henceforward the Government of India will have to rely much more openly on military strength. There must be no Arsenal or strong places such as Allahabad and Delhi, no fanatical stronghold such as Benares, no large tract of rich defenceless country such as Lower Bengal, without a European regiment. No Brigade of native troops should be without a European regiment. Not less than three regiments should be always near the capital. At first the additional regiments will have to be Queen's Regiments, because others would not be ready in time, but eventually the native Regiments should be replaced by European Company's Regiments. Would prefer the Cavalry to be less than full strength. Latest news from the Punjab will reach Vernon Smith via Bombay. Canning is not anxious about the Punjab, where there are many European soldiers, where there is little sympathy between the sepoys and the inhabitants, and where Sir John Lawrence has disarmed some of his Regiments in Bengal where there are between Barrackpore and Cawnpore 15 native regiments to 1 European regiment disarming is simply impossible. Latest news from Central India will reach Vernon Smith from Bombay. Some Government troops at Nusseerabad are said to have marched to Delhi. Remarks on the different character of the various stages of the revolt. At first the movement was primarily fear for caste by the Hindus. Later the disaffection was fomented and spread by Brahmins for religious reasons and by others for political motives. There is evidence that 26 regiments bound themselves together against the Government. But the outbreak they contemplated cannot have been such a one as occurred, which for a time took the shape of a caricature revival of the Mahommedan Empire. This phase of the affair is due to the fact that the men who were mismanaged and punished at Meerut were chiefly Mahommedans, and that Delhi unguarded by Europeans was near. Comments on the mismanagement at Meerut. Now the rebellion has lost all distinctive character. Canning believes it will collapse as soon as Delhi is entered, and the European Force begins to move southwards from there. But there may be disasters before Delhi falls, even if this happens in two or three days. Comments on the Proclamation issued by the Lieutenant Governor at Agra, which has made a stir in India and is likely to do so in England. Canning was amazed when he saw what Colvin had done, for his judgment had been so sound up to that moment. Another matter which has caused the Governor General much surprise is the extraordinary ignorance of the officers and men of the Army on the truth of the cartridge question; the new greased cartridges were never issued to a single sepoy; and the new cartridges ungreased were not issued to the Army or to regiments generally. Asks Vernon Smith to tell the Chairman Canning's views on the Proclamation. The Loan is still drawing subscriptions.

68. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 5 Jun 1857. Lord Canning asks Vernon Smith to obtain the confirmation of Sir Patrick Grant as Commander in Chief, he will be the greatest help in remodelling the native Army; or if he cannot be confirmed, arranging for him to be left as Acting Commander in Chief for a long time. No Queen's officer could do the work. Praises Grant from his letter and opinions, he has never met him. Private.

69. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 19 Jun 1857. Lord Canning reports another success outside Delhi. News from the Punjab, Delhi and Agra come to Calcutta most quickly via Bombay and even by Madras. There is no doubt of the eventual result at Delhi, but the delay has lamentable effects. Believes it was unwise to wait for the siege train. Is not sure how far the delay for want of carriage was avoidable, but no-one on the Staff except one young officer gave due thought to the political dangers of delay. Sir John Lawrence's letter gives an estimate of the time which should have been sufficient to send off the army; but it must be remembered that three years ago the Transport establishments in India were given up, in favour of a system of hiring beasts. Economically it was a prudent move, and in times of ordinary war might work well, but no sane man would have recommended it had it been foreseen that the next operations would be against the Government's regiments. Comments on the state of affairs in the Punjab. Canning does not share Lawrence's anxiety about Peshawur, and believes there is no reason to mistrust the Amir. In Rajpootana all is well. In Central India the defection of the regular troops at Nusseerabad was followed by mutiny at Neemuch, and the mutiny of the Cavalry of the Malwa Contingent. Durand's position at Indore is critical. Nothing certain is known of the country between Delhi and Allahabad, Agra was quiet on the 12th and Cawnpore and Lucknow were holding out at the same time. At Allahabad the 6th Regiment mutinied with great atrocities, but the Fort was saved. A column will be collected there and put under the command of Havelock, to relieve Cawnpore and Lucknow if they are still besieged. Allahabad is the most valuable place in India at present, and for many years has been the most neglected. Between Allahabad and Benares there has been terrible anarchy, the Irregular Cavalry have been doing their work well. At Benares all is well, in spite of the mismanagement of the disarming of the 37th; half-way through the proceedings Brigadier Ponsonby lost his nerve and gave up the command to a Madras officer, and the work was accomplished at the cost of the lives of three officers. Ponsonby was superseded, and the Colonel of the Sikh Regiment put in his place. The Civil and Military officers are authorised to execute summarily all marauders and plunderers, disturbances are subsiding, and the telegraph may soon be open up to Allahabad. Canning thinks the worst is over at Allahabad and Benares, and above Allahabad affairs will improve as the Europeans move upwards. Below Benares there has been as yet no serious outbreak, but there are still dangerous places, especially Berhampore. Canning has sent a detachment of Europeans to Berhampore because of the moral effect if Moorshedabad, the old capital of Bengal, was held against the British as well as Delhi. It is heart breaking to refuse daily the prayers of the Europeans in outstations for troops, but it would be fatal to divide up the small force of Europeans. Communication with the North West especially Allahabad must be made safe at any cost, when this is done compact columns may move over the country. Has not listed all the outlying stations where there have been casualties, murders and plunderings will continue until Delhi fall and the troops move southwards. Great efforts have been made to move the treasure from small stations to large ones. The country from Delhi to Cawnpore and Allahabad is in a state of anarchy. Only the presence of a large force, and the patient hunting out and exemplary punishment of every mutineer and rebel will restore order. It will be a long and bloody business. The first step as soon as peace is established must be to organise a Commission similar to the Thuggee or Dacoity Commissions. There are lives to be avenged, and Canning will not rest until the score is wiped out. Luckily the obstinacy of the mutineers at Delhi has prevented them from taking advantage of Colvin's proclamation of 25 May. The King of Delhi's conduct must be inquired into, he is clearly implicated. In Calcutta there has been a return of panic, more intense than before. The Regiments at Barrackpore were disarmed at the request of General Hearsey, though Canning is not sure that this was necessary, and fears the measure may have repercussions on the sepoy Regiments in Lower Bengal. The 43rd is completely panic-stricken, formerly very well behaved but now convinced that some further disgrace or injury is intended to them. The inhabitants of Calcutta resented being made Special Constables, so have been enrolled as Volunteer Guards, their powers have not yet been defined by Legislative Act, and their usefulness is limited because they will not leave their homes for any length of time. Canning has put a check upon the Press, which will probably provoke angry comment in England. The native Press does much harm to the sepoys and the fanatical Mahommedans of every class and the English Press, which is also read by the natives, is alarmist and inaccurate. Cites an example of a newspaper story that European troops had been sent to arrest the loyal Nawab of Moorshedabad; this might well drive the Nawab into rebellion, and provoke the inhabitants of Moorshedabad into rising against the European population.

70. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 19 Jun 1857. Lord Canning explains why the King of Oudh and four of his suite have been placed in Fort William. In spite of current stories, there is no direct evidence that the King is involved, but it is important that his name cannot be made a rallying point. Describes the conditions of the King's detention, and his companions. A man who claimed to come from the King and was found tampering with a sepoy escaped from imprisonment, a Court Martial is investigating this.

71. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 20 Jun 1857. Lord Canning has asked for another Regiment of Dragoons because of the mutiny of many of the Irregular Cavalry. Sir Patrick Grant has arrived in Calcutta, Canning is very pleased with him. Thanks Vernon Smith for his remarks; has no intention of resigning. Canning was prepared to find that Clarendon did not agree with him about the Arab Levies, but Outram himself admitted that the objections were, as made by Canning, unanswerable. Vernon Smith is wrong to assume that Canning was opposed to the war in the Persian Gulf, all wars are noxious especially to India which cannot raise the money to pay for them, but the war with Persia was just and necessary. Has sent the Chairman a duplicate of his letter of 19 Jun because he is so pressed for time.

72. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 20 Jun 1857. Lord Canning has heard from General Barnard that Barnard was induced to take an Indian command by the prospect of succeeding to the Commander in Chief and Barnard now expects this to follow. Canning has replied, pointing out the work before the next Commander in Chief in the reorganization of the Army, and stressing the need for Indian experience and influence. Sir Patrick Grant is the man; or Sir Henry Lawrence if he comes out of Lucknow in good health, but his rank would be a difficulty. It is possible that Sir Colin Campbell may be considered of sufficiently sound Indian experience and judgement, Canning does not believe it, and Campbell's influence will not be great in India. Private.

73. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 3 Jul 1857. Lord Canning has a memorandum by Sir Patrick Grant on the reinforcements of Europeans needed, and on the reconstruction of the native Army. Comments on the plans. Canning thinks the stationary force recommended by Grant is too small, but if this were increased, all extra force in the way of moveable columns might be dispensed with. It is important not to rush into any superfluous expenditure, progress has been put back many years and every lac will be needed. Grant's suggestions on the future sepoy army are wise and practical. Canning hopes that Grant may be able to stay in Calcutta for some time.

74. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 3 Jul 1857. Lord Canning comments on the financial position of the Government of India. The cash balance of Apr 1858 will stand at 653 lacs instead of 977 lacs estimated. The 5% Loan has all but stopped, Public Works are suspended, and the staff reduced. This is a very uneconomic move, but there is no choice at present. 35 lacs have been saved from the pensions o the Delhi family, the King of Oudh, and the Jhansi family. It has been decided to raise the necessary money in India, asking the Court however to declare that they are ready to help if need be; the sum to be raised is about 3 crores, and 6% will be offered. The East India Company may have to go to Parliament, before supporting the Indian Loan. Government securities in India suffered very little during the rebellion. The Bombay Bank has raised its rate on private Bills to 12% and has refused to make further advances upon Government paper; this unusual and unfortunate measure is necessary because the Bombay Bank has subscribed heavily to the Loan.

75. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 4 Jul 1857. Lord Canning has received a letter from Outram upon rewards for the Persian campaign, which he will comment upon by the next opportunity. Repeats his desire to use Sir Patrick Grant's services. Colvin will probably soon find himself in trouble, he has written to the Government of India for the first time for a month. Other letters, Colvin's amongst them, have come to Calcutta from Agra during this month.

76. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 4 Jul 1857. Lord Canning is glad that Vernon Smith is satisfied with the way in which the 19th Regiment were punished, the Governor General has not changed his conviction that the punishment was the right one. Grant is considering Colonel Wheler's case, he does not think that Wheler would be convicted by Court Martial, so Wheler is temporarily in the nominal command of the 19th Native Infantry until the Commander in Chief reports. Colonel Mitchell of the 19th has been transferred to be 2nd Lieutenant Colonel of one of the European Regiments. Vernon Smith will receive further papers on the Press Law. There has been trouble with the 'Friend of India' and the temporary manager Mr Meade will resign. Hopes Vernon Smith will have no difficulty in defending the Press Law if necessary, but Canning has no intention of altering the Law until the rebellion is over. Canning has found there is no real reason for delay in the despatch of the Legislative Council reports, and the practice will be altered. Cannot understand how Halliday's Police Minute reached England. Outram's Persian recommendations, did not reach Canning before peace was announced, so it was necessary to pick out names from Outram's and Stalker's Despatches, and now that Outram's recommendations have arrived there are some discrepancies, chiefly omissions which have been rectified in a separate Gazette. There is nothing of importance to report of the King of Oudh and his people; the evidence points to Allee Nukkee Khan as the active Agent. The Non-Commissioned Officer who advised the sentry to let the prisoner who was tampering with the sentry go free was hanged.

77. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 4 Jul 1857. Lord Canning has heard by telegraph that the town of Delhi was taken on 14 Jun, that there had been great slaughter of the rebels, and the remainder had retreated into the Palace or Fort. In writing all the information which has been received is contained in a letter from Mr Colvin and its enclosures, it is very meagre. The resistance of the rebels has been obstinate and well conducted, and the Palace is strong, but has no protection against shells. Vernon Smith will probably hear of the end of Delhi from Bombay. The Adjutant General Colonel Chester has been killed. From Delhi southwards to Allahabad, Agra is quiet and Futteghur and Mynpoorie remain in British hands. A report has come from Allahabad that Cawnpore was lost; that Sir Hugh Wheeler, hard-pressed had trusted to the promises of the Rajah of Bittoor, and placed himself and his Europeans in the hands of the Rajah, who as soon as he had the garrison outside the entrenchments turned his guns upon them and massacred them. There are some inconsistencies in the story, and it is almost incredible that Sir Hugh Wheeler should have trusted the Rajah whose treachery and brutality must have been well-known to him. Nevertheless Canning wishes he could altogether disbelieve the story. If true, it will be a terrible blow, and although vengeance will be speedy the moral effect will not easily be effaced. The first troops have left Allahabad for Cawnpore, and General Havelock with two European regiments will follow. At Allahabad all is well, and the surrounding country is settling. Benares is quiet, and there is no sign of disturbance between there and Calcutta. The Europeans arrived in Berhampore in time. Sir Henry Lawrence holds out confidently in Lucknow, but the whole of Oudh has been lost; and the mutiny at Fyzabad showed so much method, and the information that three bodies of mutineers were converging upon Lucknow so as to reach it on the same day showed so much unity of action that Canning authorized the Resident at Nepal to obtain the services of 3,000 Gurkhas; the Resident has earlier asked for these without positive authority and this had been disapproved of Canning has always thought that Sir H Lawrence might be driven to send for Gurkhas, and he was given authority to ask for them long ago: but Major Ramsay should not have done this without distinct instructions, and his proposal that the Gurkhas should be marched to Patna and Benares, the heart of the old Provinces, was full of inconvenience. Sends a letter (not annexed) showing the curious views of some of the sepoys and their ambiguous treatment of their officers and Non-commissioned Officers. The Governor General believes that order will be more quickly restored in Oudh than in some older possessions such as Rohilcund, and the Doab; and the turning of the tide will be Havelock's advance from Cawnpore to Lucknow. The Gwalior Contingent has risen, and the officers have fled to Agra helped by Scindia. The rising will test Scindia's loyalty, which Canning has no reason to doubt except that he is a Mahratta. At Jhansi there have been horrible atrocities, and in Bundelcund some of the fugitives have suffered greatly in their flight from the stations. Saugor is safe by the latest accounts, and at Nagpore the first symptom of disaffection has been checked. Durand's position continues critical, he is doing his work admirably, but Canning will be very glad when the Bombay Column, diverted to Aurungabad, moves on towards Durand. Hyderabad is insecure, but the Nizam and his Minister are doing their best. The Arab mercenaries of the Nizam who have always been considered untrustworthy have no sympathy with the Delhi movement. Peace will be kept in the Deccan, but if there should be any widespread outbreak neither Madras nor Bombay will be able to cope for long without help. Some of the Bombay sepoys may be untrustworthy. Reinforcements from England have been asked for by Bombay and Madras. Sir John Lawrence is doing very well in the Punjab, Canning has given him the widest powers. There is still some trouble at Peshawur. Troops have arrived from Rangoon and Mauritius, all are sent to Allahabad or Benares. It will now take longer to restore order than it would if Delhi had fallen two or three weeks ago. Those marked for punishment include the Rajah of Bittoor (or the Nana Sahib), a Mussulman in Government service at Futtehpore who instigated the murder of Mr Tucker, and the Royal Family of Delhi if reports of them are true.

78. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 20 Jul 1857. Lord Canning writes that the report of the fall of Delhi proved untrue. Sends a letter from Barnard to Colvin (not annexed). Believes it was a terrible error not attacking Delhi on the 8th or 9th, but at the date of Barnard's letter it is right to wait for reinforcements. All reinforcements should have arrived; by the 5th or 6th and if Barnard did not then attack then Canning sees no hope of the place falling to Barnard's army at all. It will be a long time before further reinforcements can reach Barnard, and Havelock has only little over 1400 men to relieve Lucknow, with a disorganised country between Cawnpore and Delhi and Agra intervening. Delhi being kept by the rebels will do the Government harm everywhere, Canning fears most for the Deccan, and a request goes to England for a further 15,000 men. At worst, Delhi will not fall until the cold weather, the flame may spread to Southern India, and the troops now asked for will not arrive a day too soon. At best, if Delhi falls the Trunk Road from Calcutta to Peshawur will soon be open, and pacification will gradually spread right and left. Central India and Rohilcund can be dealt with later. Canning does not expect much trouble in Oudh if Delhi falls soon. Havelock has done admirably since his initial delay at Allahabad. The rumour about Cawnpore is all too true, Wheeler and his force massacred after surrender and the unhappy women and children butchered or worse on Havelock's approach. 300 to 400 must have died, one officer is said to have escaped. It is impossible to think steadily of anything with such horrors in mind. Havelock recovered Cawnpore on the 17th, Canning hopes to hear that he has disposed of Bithoor and its owner before turning to Lucknow. Laments the death of Sir Henry Lawrence, of all men in India the one who could least be spared, not excepting his brother John. He will be succeeded by Major Banks, not Gubbins, by prior arrangement. Agra has been threatened by mutineers, though Canning does not anticipate any danger to the place. Money is very short at Agra. All is well at Allahabad, Colonel Neill has been made a Brigadier General in order that he may assume command if anything happens to Havelock. Benares is being secured by the construction of a strong position on the river bank. Chunar may be further dismantled. The Gurkhas are on their way to Goruckpore, and will probably be halted at Fyzabad. The fate of Lucknow will be decided before they could reach it, and they should not be exposed to large bodies of rebels without support of Artillery and Cavalry. Further south all is quiet, but neither Patna nor Berhampore are to be relied upon. Colonel Durand has withdrawn from Indore where he was suddenly attacked by Holkar's troops, this was followed by a mutiny at Mhow. Durand thinks Holkar was involved, but there is some evidence the other way. At present Holkar is powerless for good. It is unfortunate that the Bombay Column had to turn aside to Aurungabad, it might have saved Mhow and Indore. The Punjab goes on smoothly. Sir John Lawrence suggests that Peshawur should be given up to the Amir if matters become worse, Canning disapproves of this, because of the political effect of giving up territory. Canning would prefer to see the Trans-Indus country held with local Punjab Regiments.

79. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 9 Aug 1857. Lord Canning sends a summary of events (see number 80). The mismanagement of the disarming at Dinapore is the greatest evil since the loss of Delhi. Revenue will be more than ever crippled, and reinforcements for Havelock, Allahabad and Cawnpore must be diverted to Behar and Bengal. It is always dangerous to disarm the native Regiments far from European troops, the risk has been increased by the unfortunate misconduct of General Lloyd at Dinapore. The Governor General is delighted by Outram's arrival, there is no-one more suitable for the command in Bengal and the Central Provinces, he will be aided by Colonel Napier who would have been the commander in Outram's absence. Canning did not feel hopeful of troops being sent through Egypt, but the Peninsular and Oriental's steamers have been made ready as far as possible to receive troops at Suez. Canning has received Clarendon's message of 27 Jun. The 'Himalaya' has been sent to Mauritius upon the chance of obtaining troops, and two steamers to the Cape on a similar errand. Elgin has arrived, with troops, Canning sends a letter from Elgin (not annexed, marked in margin Governor General's book number 544). Elgin has explained to Clarendon the circumstances under which he left Hong Kong, and Canning hopes Elgin will receive credit and thanks. The reinforcements include William Peel, who will be at the head of a Naval Brigade. Both the 'Shannon' and the 'Pearl' are to be left in India, Canning will lend Elgin a steamer for his use in China. The Loan is prospering. Hopes for assurance of support from England.

80. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 8 Aug 1857. Summary of Events alluded to in letter number 79, above. This is a copy of the letter to R D Mangles, Chairman of the Court of Directors, dated 8 Aug, for which see Mss Eur F699/1/1/2/2 Letters to the Court of Directors, no. 38.

81. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 22 Aug 1857. Lord Canning thanks Vernon Smith for the assurances of confidence felt in the Governor General by the Cabinet. In his last letter Canning feared a retreat by Brigadier Wilson from Delhi, this is no longer a danger. The accounts of dissension inside Delhi are encouraging; Canning will however be satisfied if the Army can be kept in position before Delhi through the sickly season until the cold weather and the reinforcements come. Things in Bengal look better, Arrah has been recovered by Eyre of Kabul, and the Dinapore mutineers have been driven out of Behar along the borders of Rewah, where they will test the Rewah Chief's troops. The line of the Ganges is quiet, and the Trunk Road only requires the passage of a column along it, to make everything secure. The Telegraph is at work again, and the post is fairly regular between Calcutta and Benares. The danger at some of the isolated stations seems past, especially at Jelpigoree and Bowree. Lucknow and Cawnpore are subjects of the greatest anxiety. Havelock has had to turn back a second time, his force being much reduced by cholera, but he cannot be reinforced from the Cawnpore Garrison which is already below strength. If the Gwalior Regiments are really to cross the Jumna to attack Cawnpore, the reinforcements now moving up the river will be needed for the defence of Cawnpore itself. There is no certain news from Lucknow later than the last week of July, but there are reports that during Havelock's first advance the Garrison was able to bring in fresh supplies. The Naval Brigade is moving to Allahabad, and will there relieve 300 infantry; but it is fearful to think what may happen to the Lucknow Garrison before anything can be done for them. Sends three of the latest letters from Colvin at Agra (not annexed) asking for Europeans to keep a hold on the country roundabout. The Gurkhas are a great disappointment, they are no good at marching during the heat or the rains, only make 6 or 9 miles a day. Further troops of the China Force are expected. The Peninsular and Oriental Company's 'Ava' has been taken up for Elgin, at a cost of £200 a day. After the China troops the first four Regiments should arrive from England, followed by further English Regiments. Some troops will come from Mauritius and the Cape. Canning cannot send on troops to China at any definite time, nor does it seem likely that sepoys will go. General Hearsey misguidedly asked for volunteers, without success. It will be very serious if the Bombay Army joins the disaffected. In Madras Lord Harris is anxious about the Mahomedan Festival of the Moharrum, Canning has ordered the 'Punjab' to lie off the Mahomedan quarter of the town. There is still much excitement in Calcutta, and an agitation for Martial Law. The people imagine their streets would then be paraded by English soldiers, the impatient selfishness of these people is incredible.

82. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 22 Aug 1857. Lord Canning hopes Vernon Smith will persuade the Court not to set up a Committee in London to investigate the causes of the Mutiny; a Commission will eventually be appointed in India, consisting of three men, possibly Colonel Colin Troup, Mr Samuells or Mr Gubbins of Benares, an officer used to native States, and perhaps Captain Hervey of the Thuggee Department as Secretary. The Commission would have power to punish, pardon, and recommend for reward. Work could begin as soon as any considerable part of the country beyond Allahabad is retaken. The re-establishment of Government relations with the Native States and the punishments or rewards of the Chiefs will be dealt with by the Governor General. Colonel Birch has committed a grave offence in writing to The Times on greased cartridges. Were he not an excellent officer and irreplaceable, Canning would have removed him. His letter except for the purpose of clearing himself, was also a very bad one. The Governor General could only ensure that the Cabinet received news from India before the London newspapers by putting restrictions on the use of the telegraph, which he is unwilling to do. The Telegraph officers are authorised to stop the delivery of any message which may have evil consequences if delivered.

83. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 22 Aug 1857. Lord Canning reports the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell on the 13th. Canning thinks that Sir Patrick Grant was the better man for the work actually in hand, and for any that will have to be done up to the time when the Commander in Chief actually takes the field. Grant is admirable as a preparer and organizer, but Sir Colin inspires more confidence as a fighting man. The Commander in Chief is at a great disadvantage in Calcutta, the whole Headquarters Staff of the Army is at Delhi, and in Calcutta there are only the subordinates of each Department. This did not matter to Grant, who knows their business better than they, but Sir Colin feels the want of aid. He is not clear or ready in his arrangements, and the disadvantage is the more felt. Sir Colin is at another disadvantage, he knows nothing of India below the Punjab, he does not understand the characters of the different districts and populations, and does not know the political value of different places. Sir Patrick Grant has sailed for Madras, after spending 10 days in Government House with Sir Colin. Canning likes Campbell and has seen no sign of ill temper, but thinks he sees a dislike of responsibility. Campbell is very anxious for the arrival of General Mansfield as Chief of Staff. There is an impression that Sir Colin does not like the Indian Army, but Canning can find no grounds for this. Campbell has erred in bringing out a Staff not one of whom can speak a word of the vernacular. Private.

84. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 9 Sep 1857. Lord Canning thanks Vernon Smith for his letter of 27 Jul. Affairs are improving. The Force before Delhi is increased, owing to the exertions of John Lawrence, and the mutineers less aggressive. An assault is rumoured, but Canning is no longer very hopeful about these assaults and thinks it likely that the town will be entered by less direct means. There is dissension in the town. The King has made some overtures to Brigadier Wilson, Canning has forbidden these to be listened to. Outram is approaching Cawnpore with reinforcements, with these he will march on Lucknow. For the first time for the last three weeks Canning begins to hope that the Garrison will be saved. The Mohurrum has passed without any outbreak. The rebels have attacked Goruckpore, which should not have been abandoned by its Civil officers as it was. This will harm the opium revenue, and the rebels may move towards Bengal. The two China Regiments have not yet come. It seems incredible that the Court should have drawn on India for ¼ million; Canning has asked the Court to back up the Government's Loan and send money out. The Governor General likes Sir Colin Campbell very much, but he has his deficiencies as well as his excellencies. Praises Vernon Smith for what he did about Sir H Lawrence, but urges the President not to do the same for John Lawrence until he hears again from Canning.

85. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 24 Sep 1857. Lord Canning sends a map showing the disposition of the Army in May 1857, the Regiments which have mutinied and the number of European troops and where they came from. (not annexed). Canning cannot answer for its complete correctness, as he has not had time to examine it. Also sends a tabular return on the number and disposition of the troops in Bengal (not annexed).

86. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 24 Sep 1857. Lord Canning reports on the arrangements following the death of Mr Colvin, the nomination of Colonel Fraser as Chief Commissioner being temporary only. Canning will offer the post in the North West Provinces to Sir J Lawrence, who deserves the post and can do the work better than anyone else. Alterations will have to be made in the Revenue system and the Civil Courts, which will be partially assimilated on the Punjab pattern. There will be opposition to this plan, but Canning is determined to remove causes of discontent among the people of the North West. No answer will come from Lawrence for some weeks, and if the country is cleared, it will be convenient to extend Mr Grant's authority northwards. Canning does not propose to make Grant Lieutenant Governor because though he is most able he does not have experience of the North West or of the Punjab. The Governor General would look with some apprehension to the succession of Sir J Lawrence to the post of Governor General at present. He believes that Lawrence's nerves and health have had a shock which makes him scarcely equal to bearing any increased responsibility. His advocacy of the abandonment of Peshawur in certain circumstances, and his disposition to accept the King of Delhi's overtures are thoroughly unlike himself, and the impression of those about Lawrence is that he ought not to bear any further strain. To find himself made Governor General presumptive and still more if he should be called upon to act, would be a severe trial, but one from which he would not allow himself to shrink. The succession to the North West Provinces would bring rather less anxiety than he has lately had, and Canning will offer it in a way that will leave him free to decline. Lawrence would not be a wise choice for Provisional Governor General especially as it would take two months to bring him to Calcutta should he need arise. This letter for Vernon Smith's eye alone. Private.

87. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 24 Sep 1857. Lord Canning has detained the mail in the hope of good news from Delhi and Lucknow. The prospects at Delhi are good. Hopes that the Home Government will approve of Canning's orders not to treat with the King of Delhi, John Lawrence, General Wilson and Mr Greathed the Political Officer were in favour of receiving the overtures. At Lucknow all was well on the 16th, part of Outram and Havelock's force had crossed the river at Cawnpore, and the Garrison had provisions to the end of Sep. Outram wishes to retain Lucknow, as the political effect of abandoning it would be serious. Canning has told Outram that his first consideration must be the rescue of the Garrison. A success at Delhi and Lucknow would break the back of the rebellion; a reverse at either place will raise up new troubles. Colvin is dead. He showed signs of being greatly shaken but had rallied later and expected to be able to travel home. Colonel Fraser of the Engineers is the sole authority at present, until Agra emerges from isolation. A military dictator is necessary, after the experience of Lucknow and the thwarting of Henry Lawrence by Gubbins. Scindia remains true, but he is powerless, or soon will be, over his troops, and there is no hope that he can keep them off Agra. Along the Ganges all is quiet. Goruckpore is still lost, but the rebels have not spread from there. On the road there is disturbance between the Soane and Benares, and the telegraph is interrupted, but a small Madras Column is on its way. There may, be trouble with the Sonthals, unfortunately their country is for some weeks to come deadly to European troops and native troops are not easy to find. Assam has been uneasy, a small Brigade of sailors and rogues has been sent there. There is a shortage of river steamers, Canning is having four boats built which are to be fitted with railway engines. The China troops have been coming in fast. The 'Sanspareil' has arrived and Canning has decided to keep her. Hopes that the timely sending of the 89th and 95th Regiments from the Cape to Bombay will enable Elphinstone to keep down his disaffected corps, they would have had a better chance to rebel 6 weeks before. Things have improved in India. Commissariat arrangements especially carriage, are worrying. There is scarcity or even famine in the Central Provinces, a shortage of bullocks and camels. Between Calcutta, Benares and Allahabad there is a kind of bullock stage cart service which works well, but beyond Allahabad things are difficult. The Commissariat Department is feeble, Canning cannot find any good officers for it; presumes its head, Colonel Ramsay, has been ordered out to India. Vernon Smith need not fear a reaction in favour of a false humanity in Calcutta at least. The rabid indiscriminating violence with which the European community talk of hanging and shooting everyone of the 40,000 or so mutineers and every other native under suspicion is revolting. They denounce everyone not a Christian, or that is black, as never more to be tolerated or trusted, and everything approaching deliberation, let alone leniency, is condemned as vacillation and cowardice. This is true not only of newspapers but of sober men who ought to set a better example, and who have not the excuse of having suffered themselves. A great difficulty is arising out of this temper of the Europeans; and if the mails from England bring revengeful articles in The Times or other leading papers, the excitement will increase rapidly. Canning knows nothing of Disraeli's assumed Minute or letter by Anson on the condition of the Army, and does not believe in its existence. Sends three letters (not annexed).

88. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 8 Oct 1857. Lord Canning writes that within 24 hours of the departure of the last mail the news of the first entrance into Delhi reached Calcutta. It was telegraphed to the mouth of the river, where the steamer being already at sea, the telegraph officer signalled the fact to her with flags. Hopes the message was understood, the news will also have come from Bombay. The same day reports of success at Lucknow came. A week later the occupation of Delhi was reported as complete, the King a prisoner and the rebels pursued and cut up. The heavy losses amongst the Government troops show that the rebels fought with desperation, but there is no sign as yet of any unity of plan amongst them. It is believed that Scindia has succeeded in keeping the greater part of his men and guns at Gwalior, so there will be no help for the rebels there. Probably many will go to Oudh, where they may cause serious trouble. At Lucknow the Garrison is reinforced and safe, but more closely besieged than ever, and amongst the enemy is Maun Sing who as expected to help the Government forces. It is very disappointing that the Garrison cannot make its way out, especially as a long time must elapse before the two Brigades Outram asks for can be collected at Cawnpore. Laments the loss of Neill. Encloses the Notification issued on the news of the fall of Delhi, and of Lucknow (not annexed) in which Canning stresses the fact that Delhi fell to the Army of the North West Provinces and the Punjab alone. A letter to this effect will be sent to the native Princes. Lower Bengal is still uneasy, but the situation has improved. Assam has been quieted. The Cole country and the country south west of the Trunk Road and between Calcutta and Benares is still excited, but some mutineers have been cut up near the Soane. Two regiments in the Saugor Territories mutinied but have been dealt with. Peel has reached Allahabad and has been made Commandant instead of Colonel O'Brien, who has been sent to Futtehpore. Troops have come from the Cape, horses and cash. Sir George Grey, the Governor, has also offered to accept sepoy regiments which Canning has declined. The Governor General proposes to keep only those regiments which are really trustworthy, all others must go for ever. Transportation of the less guilty sepoys will be considered, Canning never thought the Colonies would accept them. They might be sent to the Straits, to Moulmein, and Pegu, and the Andamans but the expense would be very great, and the moral effect much less good than if the criminals were sent across the Black Water to an unknown land. Thanks Vernon Smith for what he has done in financial matters. The Loan is already recovering. Canning hopes to be able to take a short trip to the Sandheads.

89. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 8 Oct 1857. Lord Canning replies that he will leave Calcutta as soon as public interest allows. As the heads of Department, and their best subordinates, are before Delhi, much supervision is needed in Calcutta. Campbell's departure up country will make it less easy for Canning to leave. The most important question is the transport of the Queen's troops to the North West. The Governor General must decide in the constantly conflicting claims of Bengal versus Central Provinces for the immediate aid of this or that detachment, and the conflicting interests of the different parts of the same Presidency. In this matter the lack of a Commander in Chief who has had a general experience of India is felt. Thanks Vernon Smith for defending the Governor General in the House. Believes a petition for Canning's recall will be sent to England, does not know who the promoters have been but suspects the newspapers. Will propose by the next mail a modification of the arrangements for the North West Provinces to make them more agreeable to Sir John Lawrence.

90. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 23 Oct 1857. Lord Canning writes that he has no letter from Vernon Smith later than 10 Sep. Troops from England have been arriving At Delhi all is well by the last accounts and the Column under Colonel Greathed has been most successful. The greatest anxiety is for Lucknow, where Outram, having suffered heavy loss, is now shut up with the original Garrison and unable to communicate with the detachment of about 600 with the sick at Alumbagh. It is impossible to send two strong Brigades within the time for which his supplies will last, but about 2,600 men and a heavy battery will be collected under Sir Colin Campbell. Sends a rough plan of Lucknow (not annexed). There seem to be only two ways of reaching the Residency so as to be able to withdraw the Garrison safely, by levelling the buildings on advancing so as to leave no shelter for the enemy on the retreat of the Garrison, or by crossing the Goomtee, which is still deep enough to prove a formidable obstacle. Outram is hard pressed in the Residency, but the Alum Bagh and the whole road to Cawnpore is undisturbed. Maun Singh has been amongst the rebels, but Canning has seen a poor explanation which he sent to the officer at Cawnpore, which looks as if the tide was turning again. The rebels from Delhi must be prevented from joining those at Lucknow, this may be done by Colonel Greathed's Column. The only other places where matters have deteriorated are Rewah, where the Rajah is probably false, and parts of Bengal near the Trunk Road. In Bengal half of the 32nd Regiment has mutinied and the other half gave up their arms. Sends a memorandum on the arms panic in Calcutta (not annexed). Does not believe there has been unusually active trafficking in arms in Calcutta. Will send papers on the King of Delhi. Expects to know by the next mail if the King's life has really been promised to him.

91. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 31 Oct 1857. Lord Canning writes by an extra mail going to Suez. Sir C Campbell is on his way to Cawnpore and Lucknow. The force will be larger than Canning expected. Colonel Greathed's Column has been most successful, especially near Agra on 10 Oct. The Column has been joined by reinforcements, and Brigadier Hope Grant has superseded Greathed; the Column will be part of Campbell's force. Is still anxious about Lucknow. 'The Gwalior men' may cause trouble at Jhansi, Banda, elsewhere in Bundelcund, or they may join the rebels at Lucknow. If there is trouble in Bundelcund and Saugor, Government will lose the best field for supplying the troops collecting at Allahabad. Osborne has dealt with Rewah with great courage and skill, not a man can be sent to support him at present. The capture of camels, and the encouraging reports of crops between Agra and Delhi have lessened Canning's anxieties about supplies and carriage for the troops moving from Allahabad. Praises the excellent system by which the troops are moved from Calcutta to Allahabad. Horse and bullock carriages do their distances regularly, the sleeping stations are dry and comfortable, and the food of the men is so good that their officers have asked to be allowed to draw the same rations. Canning is not surprised at Vernon Smith's view of the Dinapore affair, it has been, next to that of Meerut, the most mischievous calamity of all. Is surprised to learn that troops are coming by Suez. It was right to send most of the reinforcements by the Cape, as there would have been a bottleneck at Suez for lack of steamers. The new steamer, the 'Dalhousie', which lately came to India is about to go into dock. The Loan is prospering. Vernon Smith will have read the papers about sepoys for China. Canning may send one or two Battalions, but they must be from Bengal, Madras and Bombay troops cannot be spared. Elgin has written pressing for the return of troops, and the Admiral has asked for the 'Sanspareil', which has sailed. Canning understands that General Ashburnham is sailing for Calcutta, and the Governor General will do nothing about the sepoys until Ashburnham arrives. Canning will send the 'Assistance' to Hong Kong with some of the 59th, and some Marines, but he will keep the 'Shannon' and the 'Pearl', and the 'Penelope' at Rangoon. There is no chance that Canning will be able to spare any Europeans for China. There is an unconfirmed rumour of a sortie from the Lucknow Garrison on 19 Oct. Thanks the President for his hint about a memorandum of facts.

92. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 9 Nov 1857. Lord Canning reports the progress of the Commander in Chief towards Lucknow. The question is whether the Force will be able to cross the Goomtee, or whether it will have to fight its way through two miles of City. The last letter from Outram of 20 Oct urges that the Gwalior rebels be disposed of, postponing the relief of Lucknow. The Garrison can by reducing rations hold out to near the end of Nov but the besieged will become weaker. Nothing reliable is known of the country above Cawnpore as far as Agra. Above Agra, to Delhi and Meerut, it is quieting down. The greatest danger-points are in the Central Provinces and Bundelcund. The Gwalior men are near Calpee intending to cross into the Doab towards Cawnpore, where Windham is in temporary command. The Dinapore mutineers have been beaten near Futtehpore, but with heavy losses to the Government forces. The Saugor and Rewah people are very restless. In Bundelcund the Chiefs are fighting amongst themselves, and if any band of rebels should seize any of the strongholds it will be difficult to eject them. Bengal remains unchanged. Pegu is quiet. Lord Elphinstone and Sir J Lawrence have asked for troops, the Governor General can only comply with one of these requests until Lucknow is settled. There has been a rising in the Punjab, between Lahore and Mooltan, but the District is settled again. Canning does not know what to do with Colonel Steinbach, who has landed at Bombay expecting service in the Punjab, with letters from Vernon Smith and Panmure. Urges Vernon Smith to see Captain Lowe, who can describe all the Delhi operations. Canning will probably send by the present mail a copy of the petition for his recall. It has been obtained indirectly, but he thinks it best to treat the matter openly, and send it officially with comments. He does not know the number, or the names of the majority of the subscribers. Hopes that Major General Wilson will have received the KCB.

93. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 25 Nov 1857. Lord Canning writes that it has never been the practice for the Governor General to recommend officially men for honours. The only exception during Dalhousie's Government was the recommendation of three men for the KCB which he made on leaving India, all for a long continuance of services under the eye of the Governor General and not for a short brilliant passage, such as can be judged as well in England as in Calcutta. The Governor General could not recommend officially, in case his recommendation was not approved. He will write privately if Vernon Smith wishes. He does not think the case of the Victoria Cross will be an exception, for he does not think the Governor General has anything to do with the recommendation. Believes he may have exceeded his powers in withholding Outram's recommendations for more than 30 Crosses for Kooshab and Mohummera. Thinks it is a mistake to make the Order so rigidly restricted. No Admiralty gun-boat would be any use above Calcutta, but steam boats capable of carrying large numbers of troops are invaluable. Three boats are being built, to be equipped with locomotive engines. Heavily armed boats are not of much value. The pinnacles of the Indian navy are being used. The gun-boats being sent out will be useful at Rangoon and if necessary, at Calcutta, but will be too deep to be used as river boats. The 'Simoon' and the newly purchased 'Australia' are being sent to the Cape for troops though the General there is said to be unwilling to spare any more, Canning presumes the orders from England are positive. The Governor General proposes to destroy the walls of Delhi, and pull down most of the Palace except the Dewan Khas which has some beauty. He is quite opposed to touching the Jumna Masjid, a religious building, because he does not wish to recognise the rebellion as a religious one (although religion is one of the causes). To destroy religious buildings would encourage Mahomedan and Hindu to combine against the British. As the British must, a handful of men rule 150 millions of natives, the natives should be allowed to remain divided in religious and national feeling, and should be in awe of the power of Government but not suspicious of Government motives. Canning will not be slow or lenient to punish murderers or mutineers, but nothing must be done against the religion of either race. Does not think the entire demolition of Delhi is necessary or desirable it can be down-graded in other ways, leaving it without the sentiment which would belong to ruins. Many of the inhabitants of Delhi are innocent. Delhi will lose its walls, its Palace, its position as capital of a Division, the English troops and civilians formerly stationed there, the railway which will be diverted to Meerut, the Arsenal and cantonments. The City will grow poorer when the King of Delhi's pension is no longer spent there. A Despatch explains the absence of Gazettes. All information of killed and wounded is sent home as fast as it reaches Calcutta. Is opposed to Martial Law, the best of Martial Law has been obtained by the law placing unlimited power over heinous offenders in the hands of single magistrates. It would be absurd to declare Martial Law in parts of the country where there are no troops to carry it out. Troops could not have been brought via Suez unless the Government of India had been sent a large supply of steamships. Canning is anxious to hear more of the West India Regiments; he has accepted Jung Bahadoor's offer of 8,000 men or more. He has taken this step because of the desperate opposition in Oudh, the growing troubles in Rajpootana, the collection of mutineers at and near Calpee, the disturbances in Saugor and Nerbudda, and the decreasing chance of being able to spare any European Regiment to recover Goruckpore or to hold the rebels threatening Azimghur and Juanpore Districts. Has asked for Gurkhas reluctantly, not because he distrusts Jung Bahadoor, but because he hoped to prove that the Government was self-sufficient. Fears that Vernon Smith will not approve. Lucknow having been abandoned, and the Garrison moved to safety, the City must be watched from the outside. Sir Colin Campbell is right not to occupy the City, but at one time he wished to withdraw from Oudh altogether, which would have been a mistake. Canning knows nothing of Sir Colin's wound, the telegraph between Cawnpore and Lucknow has been broken since 20 Nov. Campbell was probably where a Commander in Chief should not be, as two out of his four Aide de Camps were also hit. The schemes of operations from Madras and Bombay have been sent to those Governments. Sends letters on the sepoys who have been on furlough (not annexed).

94. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 11 Dec 1857. Lord Canning is sending the glorious account of the defence of Lucknow (not annexed). He has done what he can to honour and reward the Garrison, but hopes that something will also be done in England. Brigadier Inglis should have a KCB. Sir Colin Campbell's relief of the Residency and withdrawal of the Garrison was a masterly work. General Windham has been defeated at Cawnpore, and lost his camp equipage. No details are yet known, Brigadier Wilson of the 64th was killed. The Commander in Chief made an example of the rebels on his arrival at Cawnpore, Canning does not expect much more trouble except in Oudh. Sends some private correspondence with Colonel Ramsay at Kathmandu on the Nepal affair (not annexed). Sends a Despatch justifying the Clemency orders of 31 Jul, hopes Lord Palmerston will read it (not annexed). Sends copies of two addresses from influential Hindus (not annexed) which he has not yet had time to answer. Thanks Vernon Smith for his assurance of confidence.

95. Copy letter to Mr Vernon Smith, 24 Dec 1857. Lord Canning sends a further Despatch on the Clemency orders of 31 Jul (not annexed). Wishes he had been told why the instructions were thought untimely. Sends a Minute on the fable that J P Grant released 150 mutineers, and hanged some Highlanders (not annexed). Nothing can be said of the Government of India which is too monstrous to be believed. Is tempted to ask how Vernon Smith could consider that Grant had hanged the Highlanders, there being no process of Indian Law or authority by which the lives of the Queen's European subjects can be brought within the power of anyone but the Queen's Judges. Canning cannot agree that when Parliament is not sitting there is no opportunity of vindicating the acts of public men except at chance public dinners. Such an assertion as that English soldiers had been hanged by an Indian Civil Servant, or that the Governor General had quarrelled with the Commander in Chief ought to have been contradicted in a paragraph, if not in the tyrant 'Times', at least in the humbler 'Globe' or 'Observer'. Agrees that Halliday is more uneasy about Assam than Canning is, but does not believe there will be trouble. Is not so sure of the 73rd Regiment at Jelpigoree [Jalpaiguri] on the Bootan [Bhutan] Frontier. The Commander in Chief is about to move upwards from Cawnpore to clear the road and the Doab. On his present information, Canning believes Oudh should be dealt with before Rohilcund or Bundelcund. Outram is near Lucknow with 4,000 men. Sir Colin's operations at Cawnpore are gazetted, they were as efficient as those at Lucknow. Windham's previous acts were unfortunate; Brigadier Carthew of the Madras Army is open to grave censure for his part. Ashburnham is leaving for England, there is no Lieutenant General's command for him and he does not want the Lahore Division which has been offered to him. Militarily his decision is probably wrong; but his position is a very hard one. Communication with Delhi has been cut off by the Gwalior men. Jung Bahadoor is to cross the Frontier on 24 Dec and promises to make short work of Goruckpore. In Ava the King has been collecting men, and his explanation is not satisfactory. A Wing of a European Regiment has been sent back there, a whole Regiment may have to go. The Expedition to the Andamans should return by 20 Jan; Canning has little doubt that the mutineers will be sent there, as a first halting place at all events. Regrets that the Court opposed the employment of West India Regiments, it would have been good for the sepoys to see that soldiers as good as themselves, and as immune to the climate, were available. Canning does not comment on Vernon Smith's remark about the GCB and Sir John Lawrence, because he is not sure he understands it.