Mss Eur F699/1/1/2/15

Copies of letters from Governor General Charles Canning to the following correspondents: Major General John Low; John Peter Grant; Barnes Peacock ; Joseph A. Dorin; Sir James Outram; Henry Ricketts; James Wilson; Henry B. Harington; Sir Henry Bartle Frere; Cecil Beadon; Samuel Laing; Sir Robert Napier; & William Ritchie.

Numbered 1-150 with index. The following letters are not included in the volume, the index states that they were transferred to the 'Miscellaneous Portfolio': nos. 2, 4, 5a, 5b, 5c, 25, 44, 63, 69a, 97, 115, 134, 140.

1. Copy letter to Major General Low, 17 Mar 1856. Canning sends an application from an unnamed person, who might be suitable for employment in Oudh, and asks Low's opinion of him. Private.

3. Copy letter to J P Grant, 20 Jun 1856. The Governor General thinks there is much to be hoped for from the petitions against Coolin marriages, and does not expect any great difficulty in dealing with the question legislatively. It will seem extraordinary to draw up a law by which, although a horrible abuse of polygamy will be checked, a very liberal amount of polygamy will be sanctioned. The law would be to enforce the existing Hindu law and custom. It might be possible to reduce the number of reasons which justify the taking of a second wife by removing the frivolous reasons; this would however be an alteration of Hindu law, and would have to be approached cautiously. Some new machinery would have to be devised for the working of the reformed law; the Hindu Registrar suggested would be open to great temptation, perhaps a Punchayet would be better.

5. Copy letter to Major General Low, 7 Dec 1856. Canning has not forgotten Low's mention of Sir Richmond Shakespear, but had not heard before of Sir Robert Hamilton's intention to leave his post. Canning cannot at present decide on Hamilton's locum tenens but Shakespear's claims will be carefully considered Low's letter was not intrusive. Marked in margin 'Governor General 253'

6. Copy letter to Major General Low, 27 Dec 1856. The Governor General returns the two letters from the Macnaghten brothers. He is quite unable at present to appoint Captain Macnaghten to the kind of post he wants. Canning has considered the plans of the latest Barrack Hospital, Sealkote, and there is no good provision in them for isolated patients; believes there must have been some mistake.

7. Copy letter to Major General Low, 31 Dec 1856. Canning returns thanks for Sir James Outram's letter; he has no letters by way of Bombay and must wait until the Bentinck arrives.

8. Copy letter to Major General Low, 11 Mar 1857. Canning has been able to carry out his original plan for the Baroda appointment, Low may inform Sir Richmond Shakespear. If Mrs Low wishes to write to England Canning is sending an express to Bombay for the packet of the 20th.

9. Copy letter to B Peacock, 31 Mar 1857. Canning thinks that Peacock is right to record his views of the Proclamation question. It should accompany the Resolution recording the reasons of the Proclamation.

10. Copy letter to Major General Low, 15 Sep 1857. Canning regrets that General Low should have any fresh cause of doubt or annoyance in the matter of General Outram's employment. Entirely agrees with Low on the inexpediency, not to say impossibility, of withdrawing General Outram from his present service. Even if Outram's task at Lucknow were accomplished, Canning would still wish to retain Outram in the highest and most active military command available for as long as possible.

11. Copy letter to Major General Low, 26 Sep 1857. Has read Low's papers with very great gratification, though the remarks on grants in aid did not raise any ill-feeling in Canning's mind. Wishes to exchange congratulations on Delhi and Lucknow.

12. Copy letter to Major General Low, 26 Dec 1857. Canning suggests that Low assists the Committee formed to commemorate General Neill to extend its work from Madras to Bengal and the North West Provinces. Mr D Elliot would no doubt help. Praises Neill. Offers to subscribe 1,000 Rupees.

13. Copy letter to Major General Low, 27 Dec 1857. The Governor General hopes Low will not be taken aback by the proposal made (see number 12, above). He has not mentioned the proposal to anyone, so Low may refuse freely. Private.

14. Copy letter to B Peacock, 7 Feb 1858. Canning sends papers from Lord Elphinstone (not annexed) which show more clearly the case for Mr Le Geyt's Bill, and the views of the Chief Justice of Bombay. Asks Peacock to let Canning know if the Bill will meet Elphinstone's requirements; and also Peacock's views on the Chief Justice's opinion of Act 34 of 1850. Describes the weather at Allahabad. Is less anxious for Lucknow, but more so for Rohilcund.

15. Copy letter to J A Dorin, 9 Feb 1858. The Governor General agrees that the Shekawatties should be sent to Sumbhulpore, where there is little risk of their finding sympathizers. There are already enough Sikhs in Government service, and they are learning their power, it will be fortunate if they are got rid of without trouble. Canning saw Mr Rendel at Calcutta but only briefly; Rendel is very optimistic to expect the Government to think of bridging the Hooghly at present. Believes that Colonel Cavenagh should be told of the story against him set going in London by the Oudh hangers-on. Canning has agreed with the Commander in Chief that the Dwarf Cavalry should be associated with the Queen's Regiments and taught by Queen's officers, though this will be annoying to both sides. Too many horses should not be kept in Calcutta, but sent up country gradually. Asks how many horses are at present in Calcutta and Dum Dum. Recommends that the order for additional barracks be countermanded. All seems well about Dr Fayrer. Canning will send an account of Yeh's capture, from Lord Elgin.

16. Copy letter to Major General Low, 15 Feb 1858. Thanks Low for his actions over the Neill Memorial, is curious to see what form the Memorial will take. Canning has spent a useful day with the Commander in Chief. Thinks Rohilcund should be kept in check whilst the Lucknow operations are in progress, if the Government can tide over the short time before the Punjab Regiments make their appearance. The Doab and the Grand Trunk Road are not safe from incursion from the left bank of the Ganges. It has been a delicate and difficult question to decide whether to put out a Proclamation offering terms to those who are in arms in Oudh immediately, or whether to wait until the work at Lucknow has been done. Sir Colin Campbell supports the first course though not very strongly, Sir James Outram is decidedly in favour of it, and Sir John Lawrence recommends something of an amnesty. Canning has decided to take no steps until the Commander in Chief has crushed or taken Lucknow. He will be very lenient to the Talookdars and rebels (not mutineers), but to proclaim this before attacking the City would be misinterpreted, and as many of the Chiefs are slipping away of their own accord the gain would not be great. It will be difficult to punish the most guilty men of the mutinous Regiments, as even if they do not escape, it will be almost impossible to identify them because regimental books, and officers who know the men, do not exist. If the worst culprits escaped, none would remain upon whom justice could be executed, because the condonation which a Proclamation would offer to the less guilty must, to be of any use, be complete. Canning is not prepared to put out a Proclamation of this sort. He proposes to declare that as the whole population of Oudh, with a few exceptions has taken part against the Government, the Government resumes its proprietary right over the whole Province. A few men will be excepted from this rule, and the rest will be told that if they make submission at once their lives and honourable treatment will be given them, but in other respects they must trust in the clemency of Government. The maximum punishment Canning intends for the people of Oudh is expatriation to some other part of India, but this would not be put into the Proclamation. Those who have saved European lives would not be affected by the Proclamation, nor would those who had killed Europeans. If the Proclamation were to be issued before Lucknow was taken the mutineers who are not mentioned in it, might be exasperated into fiercer resistance. The Commander in Chief is to wait tor Jung Bahadoor and General Franks before attacking Lucknow, it is Jung Bahadoor's ambition to share in the Lucknow action. Cawnpore is strongly defended by Peel's 68 pounders, and the Raj Ghat is strongly fortified. General Low's son has just arrived to see the Governor General. Mr Grant will give Low Sir J Lawrence's views on the amnesty. Asks General Low to tell Mr Dorin that the Bengal Yeomanry Cavalry is ordered to Azimghur.

17. Copy letter to J A Dorin, 21 Feb 1858. In spite of the fact that it is Sunday, Canning has sent an official letter about the scandalous neglect of some of the men sent home in the 'Himalaya', hopes Dorin will be able to trace the offender, (The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 3290). Also Canning asks Dorin to investigate a case of a large party of wounded men being landed in Calcutta in a bad condition. The Nana has not crossed the Ganges but is said to be moving towards Rohilcund. Brigadier Carthew at Futtehpore has been reinforced, as he is being threatened by rebels. General Macgregor should be fully supplied and ready to cross the river. The delay in attacking Lucknow has done no harm, Canning is glad he did not issue a Proclamation. Is glad that the Italian tourist is laid under an embargo. Canning has received Brigadier Colin Mackenzie's reply, and will send up the papers officially. Asks whether it is true that the Treaty does not allow a reduction in the Resident's salary. The Post Office has been making endless mistakes. The scheme for sending up the horses is excellent. The weather has been too hot for comfort in tents, Canning proposes to move into a house.

18. Copy letter to J A Dorin, 4 Apr 1858. Canning will be obliged to stay at Allahabad until after Dorin's departure from Calcutta. Asks how the President in Council and Vice President of the Legislative Council is elected. The Azimgurh affair was miserable and unnecessary. The moral ill-effect is already complete, and there may be more substantial damage before the city is cleared. Kooer Sing is said to be restraining the mob from violence. The Brigade sent to rescue Azimgurh is stronger than necessary, Canning hopes it will encourage the working of the Proclamation in the lower parts of Oudh. Mr Montgomery has left Allahabad to take up his duties at Lucknow, Canning praises him. Approves of the precautions taken over the Barrackpore alarm, asks if the Chitpore Rajah has taken offence at the suspicions against him. Asks Dorin to find out about powers of summary arrest, with reference to the Rampore Nawab's case, a declaratory act may be necessary. The horses have reached Benares, the remaining batch of 300 should stay at Calcutta for the present. More horses are coming from the Cape, as well as an additional Regiment. There should soon be tidings of the 77th from Sydney. Lord Canning has received Jung Bahadoor in Durbar, he was in high good humour, but it has cost General Macgregor infinite trouble to keep him so. Canning asked Jung Bahadoor if he would like to take charge of Yeh, but he replied he had enough trouble with the Maharani. Asks for news of General Low's health. Canning has no news from England later than 17 Feb. The change of Government is the best chance Lord Derby ever had, and if he can decently get rid of Disraeli, he will greatly improve it.

19. Copy letter to J A Dorin, 27 Apr 1858. Canning approves of the measures taken on receipt of the news from Shahabad. The Governor General cannot spare more troops for Lugard's Brigade, hopes that Lugard will deal with Kooer Sing. Goruckpore is still being threatened, and will continue to be so until a column reaches Fyzabad. All is well around Lucknow and Allahabad. Sends a copy of Mr Montgomery's last private letter (not annexed). The Roorkee Column is doing well, and General Walpole has had a success near the Ramgunge. Gives other military movements. Is disappointed in General Roberts in every way. It will be difficult to supply Scindia with a garrison for Gwalior, but he must be given some aid. Shelter for the European troops will be provided without difficulty. Provision has been made for the succession to Dorin. Asks for news of General Low.

20. Copy letter to B Peacock, 8 May 1858. Sends a memorandum by Mr Reade on the necessity of abrogating the privileges of the Nawab of Furruckabad, expresses doubts on the measure, but directs the passing of the suggested Act. Proposes an amendment of the law as regards the power of the Governor General and Lieutenant Governor respectively, will send an official requisition. Refers to Lord Ellenborough's fears of trouble if the King of Delhi is transported to the Cape, sends papers (not annexed) and asks for a legal opinion. Suggests a Bill to legalize the passing by Court Martial of sentences of imprisonment with hard labour in some cases. Reports an attack on Shahjehanpore in which it is rumoured the Gove. Irregular Cavalry Police Levies have been defeated. Sends the latest news from the Commander in Chief whose guns are said to have been heard before Bareilly. The success everywhere else in Bundelcund has been easy and complete, and the people contented. Rose was said to be near Calpee, General Whitlock at Banda. Summary marked 'To Private Secretary 13 May 1858'. Wrongly dated 8 May 1857

20a. Copy letter to J P Grant, 4 Jul 1858. Canning feels as strongly as Grant about the flagrant injustice of the imputations made in Sir C Wood's speech against the Governor General's colleagues in the Government of India. Fears that it will be impossible for Wood to retract his imputations, for he is likely to leave London before the end of the Session; and before the Mail reaches him. Something more will have to be done, Canning will write again to Grant. Asks Grant to let Peacock know what Canning has written.

21. Copy letter to J P Grant, 9 Jul 1858. Lord Canning sends a draft Despatch, which is not directed specifically against Sir Charles Wood's speech against the Council, but is in more general terms. Canning has also written to Wood on the injustice of the charge against the Council, pointing out that it was more serious coming from Wood than from anyone else, and adding that if time had permitted the Governor General would have asked Wood to correct his statement in the House. Did not think it necessary to appeal to records in disproof of the charge of vacillation; believes the flat contradiction by the Governor General will be sufficient, especially as the charge was made to add to Canning's reputation. Hopes Grant and Peacock will be satisfied; copies of the Despatch go to General Low and Mr Dorin. (Draft Despatch not annexed).

22. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 19 Jul 1858. The Governor General apologises for not replying earlier to the letter about Dr Ogilvie. Fears that Outram will disagree with Canning's principles of awarding praise and honour. Does not agree that an officer who is returned to his own corps or Government from a Staff post is necessarily removed for misconduct or inefficiency. Canning does not agree that Lord Dalhousie is morally and personally interested in the retention of Dr Ogilvie as Inspector of Prisons in Oudh. Cannot agree that Ogilvie's losses during the Mutiny should be made up to him by continuing him in a post which is no longer needed. Compensation for losses during the Mutiny will be decided by the Home Government Even Ogilvie's services during the siege of Lucknow do not entitle him to be continued in a useless office, or to receive special mention in the Gazette upon that office ceasing to exist. Outram complains that Ogilvie was not paid for his services with the Oudh Field Force; this is entirely Outram's own fault, as the Governor General was never told that Ogilvie was serving with the Field Force, nor were the Military or Foreign Departments. The Government of Oudh, Dr Ogilvie, and the Bombay Government were all told why Ogilvie's services were no longer required; Lord Canning cannot agree to mention Ogilvie particularly in the Gazette. The distribution of praise is one of the most important and delicate tasks of the Governor General in Council. Sends relevant papers (not annexed); is still dealing with the question of Ogilvie's allowances. Cannot agree to recommend Ogilvie to Lord Elphinstone for the post of Inspector of Jails in Bombay. Endorsed Governor General's Book numbers 1015, 1016, 1052, 1047, 1076, 1292. Governor General's letters to General Outram dated 22 Jul and 2 Sep 1858, and 2 Apr 1859. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 4695.

23. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 22 Jul 1858. Canning took no offence at the language Outram used in writing about Ogilvie, and did not mind that the letter was transcribed by another person than Outram. Endorsed Governor General's Book numbers 1015, 1016, 1052, 1047, 1076, 1292. Governor General's letters to General Outram dated 16 Jul and 2 Sep 1858, and 2 Apr 1859. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 4695.

24. Copy letter to J P Grant, 22 Jul 1858. Canning was annoyed to hear that his answer to the Secret Despatch of 19 Apr had not been communicated to the Council, this was due to a misunderstanding. Sends papers connected with the Despatch (not annexed) which are only to be shown to Mr Peacock. Private.

26. Copy letter to J P Grant, 23 Jul 1858. The Governor General returns thanks for the telegram announcing the passing of the Bill, he had forgotten that time would have to be allowed for it to receive the Governor General's assent. Is sorry to hear that if the Railway line was opened to Cawnpore by mid Sep it still will not be able to take more than one train each way per day, because of the state of the locomotives, asks Grant to make inquiries about the despatch of spare parts. The line would be of the greatest help in moving troops. The 46th and 9lst Regiments are said to be coming from the Mediterranean. Canning has sent a Minute on the change of line of the Railway through the North West Provinces. The case for the change is not so strong as it was when Delhi was to be left to fall into decay, but Canning still supports it.

27. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 28 Jul 1858. Canning apologises for not having written before about the Colvin Testimonial. He has sent his contribution. Suggests that no more suitable memorial than scholarships can be devised. Is prepared to add another 1,000 Rupees to his subscription if necessary. Does not intend to commend the scholarship at the expense of the picture.

27a. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 31 Aug 1858. Lord Canning sends a copy of a Minute on Oudh affairs, written in reference to Outram's Minute of 17 Aug because he wishes Outram to read the Minute before it goes to London. Endorsed Governor General's Book number 1053; Governor General's Minute dated 29 Aug.

28. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 2 Sep 1858. Canning thanks Outram for his letter of 2 Aug and for the spirit in which the letter was written. Denies that he ever thought of imputing unworthy conduct to Sir James. Out of generosity Outram spoke far too enthusiastically of the services of Dr Ogilvie, and thereby did injustice to others. It is natural for a Chief Commissioner, or the General of a division, to press the claims of a subordinate, but a Member of Council should be impartial. It was not fair to accuse Canning of doing an injustice to Lord Dalhousie. Outram's arguments in favour of Ogilvie seem far-fetched. Canning disagrees with Outram about official recognition. of the services of Civil Officers. The Governor General believes that the present practice of reserving judgement upon Civil Officers until their task is complete is a sound one. The case of military officers is different, and their rewards need not be given long after they have been earned. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 4695; Governor General's Book numbers 1015, 1016, 1052, 1047 1076, 1292; Governor General's letter to Sir J Outram dated 19 and 22 Jul 1858, and 2 Apr 1859.

29. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 3 Sep 1858. Lord Canning sends a copy of his letter to England an Mr Mangles' courageous action at Arrah, and suggests that Outram informs Mangles that his conduct has been brought to the notice of the Government in England. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 4089; Governor General's Book number 1051. Governor General's Minute dated 23 Aug.

30. Copy letter to J P Grant, 5 Sep 1858. Canning replies about the celebrations for the assumption of the Government of India by the Crown, believes the celebrations should benefit all classes, and endorses the suggestion of fireworks. Does not think a Government Ball is appropriate. There might also be a dinner at Government House for the senior servants of the Queen. A dinner is less frivolous than a Ball, and would be more respectful to the East India Company for which Canning has the deepest respect. Discusses the firework show; criticises Scindia's firework display at Garden Reach, and praises the Pope's show at St Angela. The Proclamation of the new Government will not reach the 'Calcutta Gazette' before the end of Sep. Mr C Currie, son of the Chairman of the East India Company has taken the first kick at the dying Lion by celebrating the new Government at Bollundshahur on 1 Sep. Endorsed: Governor General's Book numbers 1046, 1054; Governor General's letter to Mr Grant, dated 13 Sep; Telegraph Messages Sent 520.

31. Copy letter to J P Grant, 5 Sep 1858. If there is to be a Government ball to celebrate assumption of Government by the Crown, Canning will place Bouverie or Bowie at Grant's disposal to organise it. Thanks Grant for writing so frankly about Outram; Canning hopes he has now smoothed things over.

32. Copy letter to J P Grant, 13 Sep 1858. Canning writes that if a Government Ball is widely expected, he will not oppose it. Care should be taken that the fireworks are for the benefit of the people, and not the upper ten hundred dancing in Government House. The night should be a carnival night The dinner will presumably not take place. Endorsed: Governor General's Book numbers 1054, 1046.

33. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 27 Sep 1858. Canning sends some papers (not enclosed) which show the circumstances under which the Governor General has been forced to remove Ricketts' son from his post. He dislikes sending these papers, but considers he should tell Ricketts the news at once. Praises the services and character of Ricketts' son; had Canning known the strength of his views upon some points he might not have given him the post from which he has been removed.

34. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 29 Sep 1858. Canning asks for a copy of Ricketts Minute on seconding officers for civil employment; comments.

35. Copy letter to J P Grant, 7 Oct 1858. The Governor General has heard nothing of the Proclamation by the English Mail; asks Grant to telegraph the news brought by the English Mail of 9 Sep to Allahabad. Thinks the Queen should be proclaimed from the top of Government House steps. The reading in English should be followed by one in Hindustani or Bengali. Discusses the date of the reading of the Proclamation. Endorsed: Telegraph Messages Sent number 534; Telegraph Messages Received number 895; Governor General's Book number 1067.

35a. Copy letter to J P Grant, 17 Oct 1858. Lord Canning has received the Proclamation from England, which should be published simultaneously in each seat of Government. It is being translated by Edmonstone into Oordoo, and Grant should have it translated into Bengali. It is of the utmost importance that no word of its contents leak out. The Council and the Lieutenant Governor should see it. If Canning is allowed to alter parts of the Proclamation, he would suppress that part which keeps the Amnesty open until the 1st of Jan. The Proclamation may be issued on 1 Nov. Criticises the Proclamation; approves of its sentiments as regards religion, believes the passage on land tenures is a mistake, and regrets the extension of the Amnesty. As a composition it is admirable. Edmonstone is finding it difficult to translate, particularly 'Defender of the Faith' and 'Beloved Cousin'. It is obviously Lord Derby's work.

36. Copy letter to J P Grant, 21 Oct 1858 . Canning has never considered anyone other than Grant as Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, when Halliday retires. Wishes all such posts could be so satisfactorily filled. Has telegraphed Grant not to take any steps in the matter of an annuity. Believes the essentials regarding the Proclamation are now in train. The Proclamation excludes from Amnesty all who have murdered 'British subjects'. Canning has written to Lord Stanley that the words will be interpreted to mean 'European British subjects'. The 35th Regiment is about to cross into Tirhoot. Endorsed Telegraph Messages Sent number 540; Governor General's Book number 1078.

37. Copy letter to J P Grant, 28 Oct 1858 . The Governor General reports the progress of the King of Delhi towards Allahabad. Canning will take the opinion of 3 chief Medical Officers to his ability to stand a sea voyage, but thinks it will not be advisable to send him as far as the Cape. Rather he should be sent to Pegu, first to Rangoon and then to Tonghoo or any other place in the interior. Asks for the opinions of Members of Council on this. He might be sent off from the Sunderbunds, without going to Calcutta at all. The warrants should include the King, Zeenat Mehal and Jewan Bukht. If any of the King's followers wish to accompany him they may be allowed to do so, provided they share the terms of his captivity, and provided they do not exceed a reasonable number. Sees no reason to agree to Sir J Lawrence's suggestion and keep Zenat Mehal and Jewan Bukht as state prisoners in the Lower Provinces. A river steamer will be kept for the King at Allahabad; Colonel Phayre has been warned privately to prepare for the King. Endorsed: See Telegraph Messages Sent 909; Governor General's Book number 1085.

38. Copy letter to B Peacock, 28 Oct 1858. Canning agrees with Peacock against sending the King of Delhi to the Cape. He should go to Pegu, where there will be no difficulty about the warrant. His progress has not attracted much notice, but as yet he has not passed through any place of importance. Bombay has got more young civilians than it requires, and the North West Provinces are greatly in need of some asks if there is any legal impediment to transferring a covenanted Civil Servant from one Government to the other. Canning has seen Peacock's son parade with the Dragoons at Allahabad, comments. The Commander in Chief is about to cross into Oudh. All serious resistance is said to be concentrated in Baiswarrah, but Canning is not sure this is true. The Begum's instructions, which the Governor General has seen, seem to be being loosely followed on the Allahabad side of Oudh. Regrets that the Amnesty is to remain open until 1 Jan. Endorsed: See letter to Mr Grant, number 37 (above).

39. Copy letter to J P Grant, 24 Nov 1858. The Governor General is not disposed to interfere with the movements at D'Orgoni. Describes an interview granted to D'Orgoni by Lord Stanley in which D'Orgoni laid great stress upon his peaceable intentions. Sir George Clerk witnessed the interview. Apparently he comes with the good will and encouragement of the French but is not an agent of the French Government. Canning thinks D'Orgoni should be allowed to go up to Amerapoora unmolested, and the passage of his steamers should be aided.

40. Copy letter to J P Grant, 25 Nov 1858. Lord Canning has not heard, but expects that the King of Delhi to be at Mirzapore and on board the river steamer. The doctors gave a surprisingly good account of his health and vitality; describes the King's practice of beginning the day with a draught of warm water which makes him sick, and thereafter eating an opium pill. Nine women and two men go with the King to Pegu, and 14 of the King's suite will return to Delhi. There are 4 state prisoners. Whether the King will eventually be kept at Tounghoo or elsewhere can be decided later. Major Phayre's opinion will be learnt. Congratulates Grant upon the illuminations in Calcutta, the reading of the Proclamation seems to have been very well arranged. Is sorry that Mrs Grant was not well enough to take charge of the Ball. Congratulates Grant on his daughter's marriage. Thanks Grant for what he says of the Viceroyship. The office will unfortunately make Levees necessary.

41. Copy letter to J P Grant, 6 Dec 1858. Canning sends three letters showing the progress in Oudh. (Copies annexed). Has written a Minute upon the points raised in the Amnesty. Discusses the phrase 'British subjects' in the Proclamation, has changed his first views on the meaning of the phrase. Asks for the Council's views on the treatment of rebels after 1 Jan, gives his own views. Canning now may not go to Lucknow. Four papers annexed: 1. Copy of a letter from the Commander in Chief to the Governor General, Camp, Lucknow, 1 Dec [see Mss Eur F699/1/1/3/5, letter no. 108]. 2. Copy of a service message from Brigadier Pinckney to the Quartermaster General of the Army, Lucknow, 1 Dec [paper annexed to Mss Eur F699/1/1/3/5, letter no. 108]. 3. Copy of a letter from the Commander in Chief to the Governor General, Camp, Lucknow, 3 Dec [see Mss Eur F699/1/1/3/5, letter no. 110]. 4. Copy of a letter from Brigadier J Douglas, Commanding in the disturbed districts of Ghazeepore and Behar, to Major General Sir W Mansfield, Chief of staff, 27 Nov 1858. Douglas reports that some rebels, 800 or 600, have passed between Colonel Seymour and Major Carr's columns, and have managed to reach Shahabad again. 200 are thought to have gone towards Arrah, and there may be 400 left in the Hills. The number killed in the Jugdespore operations was at least 1,000, some 2,000 or 3,000 more have been disposed of in various ways. Some rebel at Jugdespore proposed to lay down their arms, but Mr Money the Magistrate had made some conditions, and they had gone away again. Describes the Hills, does not believe any large body of rebels can be left there. Describes an operation in the Hills, beyond the Doosee Ghat. Has sent the Highlanders and the Camel Corps to Benares. Describes the affair at Sulya Duhar. Has just heard that the rebels are three miles away on the Grand Trunk Road, will move against them at daybreak. The Collector of Ghazeepore reports that his District is so quiet that the troops can be withdrawn; Douglas would prefer to wait a while.

42. Copy letter to J P Grant, 8 Dec 1858. Canning asks if any specific reward has been promised to Mr Boyle of Arrah, as he has heard alarming reports of the extent of it. A large body of rebel Cavalry has broken away between Troup's and Barker's Brigades, and crossed the Ganges above Bithoor. Colonel Thring has been despatched in pursuit, also some horse from Cawnpore, who are not to cross the Jumna. Canning has a scheme for using Mr Cracroft Wilson to buy mares in Australia.

43. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 10 Dec 1858. Canning offers Ricketts the Lieutenant Governorship of the North West Provinces. Regrets having to withdraw a Member from the Council already hard pressed. Sir John Lawrence is anxious to be released. The Governor General proposes that Montgomery shall take his place, the Punjab being immediately made Lieutenant Governorship. Then Oudh will have to be filled, possibly by Mr Wingfield. Canning proposed Edmonstone for the North West Provinces, but Montgomery goes to the Punjab so unwillingly, and writes with so much distrust of his health, that Canning wishes to retain Edmonstone in hand. There is much to be done in the North West and Canning would like to see the work done by Ricketts. The Governor General will support Ricketts in making the necessary changes and reconstructions in the North West though he questions the policy of making them as sweeping and as sudden as the Punjabi school recommend. Private. Endorsed: Governor General's Book number 1208.

45. Copy letter to J P Grant, 19 Dec 1858. The Staff Bungalow will be ready for Grant's daughter and her husband. Canning hopes to be in Calcutta about 20 Jan. Montgomery expects the campaign in Oudh to be over by the end of Dec; he is as usual optimistic, but it does not seem likely that there will be any hitch or long delay in clearing and settling the country. Lord Clyde has written from Secrorah that the rebels have been broken up and gone north. Arrangements have been made to guard the Gogra. The object now is to force the Amnesty on the rebels, and not allow them to run away into to Terai. Canning fears this will not be fully accomplished.

46. Copy letter to J P Grant, 30 Dec 1858. Canning sends news of the accident to the Commander in Chief. It seems to have been slight, hopes that there will be no evil results. Sends a copy of his last letter from Lord Clyde. The half-brother of the King is to be allowed to come to Lucknow, he has no influence. Canning has been to Cawnpore, it is less dismal than he expected. It will be difficult to make the station smaller, and at the same time make the Civil portion safe under the wing of the military. The Governor General inspected all the faithful Lucknow pensioners, and part of the Lucknow Regiment. The Regiment is perfectly happy, except they think their crosses of the Order of Merit are a long time in coming. Asks for the Calcutta. Mint to turn out crosses faster The rail road worked well, taking Canning from Cawnpore (or Lucknow?) to Allahabad in 4 hours. The Cawnpore Station is too large, but cannot now be reduced. Canning met Montgomery at Cawnpore, his account of the people of Oudh is very satisfactory. The Governor General has ordered disarming in part of the North West Provinces, total disarming must wait until all the rebels are settled. Compensation for arms is not practicable. Canning has tried hard to find some means of turning the value of the arms to account as local benefits, but has not succeeded. The people object to being disarmed because of the dishonour, or because of their defencelessness, but not apparently because of the loss of something of value. Wingfield has satisfied himself that the guards posted by Jung Bahadoor at the foot of the Hill are there not to stop passengers into India but to keep back the rebels from India. Hopes soon to give Bengal a Sikh Police Battalion. Mr Rickett's scheme of European Cavalry for the Bengal Police is admirable, but some Sowars will be needed as well. Canning will leave Allahabad between 15 and 20 Jan. The making of the Punjab into a Lieutenant Governorship will be announced in the Gazette of 31 Dec. Lawrence wanted to leave at the beginning of Jan but has been told he must remain until 20 Feb. Mr Montgomery will replace Lawrence. Edmonstone will be proposed for the North West Provinces when Canning leaves, Canning does not know who will succeed in the Foreign Secretaryship. Three papers annexed: 1. Copy of a letter from General Sir W R Mansfield, Chief of Staff, to the Governor General, 27 Dec, describing the injury to the Commander in Chief who fell from his horse and put his shoulder out. Describes a skirmish with the rebels. Many sepoys and sowars are surrendering. The Begum is North West of the Raptee. Sir Hope Grant has been instructed to confine his efforts to clearing the Toolseepore District. Colonel Christie has had a slight success and is at Muthara, Colonel Pratt is at Mullapore. Behind this line is part of Brigadier Troup's Brigade and behind again Brigadier Barker with troops. 2. Copy of a letter from the Commander in Chief to the Governor General Camp near Itha, 24 Dec, describing the surrender of some rebels. 3. Copy of a memorandum by Major Barrow, Illoah, 24 Dec, describing the individuals of the late Court party who surrendered themselves on 24 Dec. The Shahzada who accompanied the party asked permission to return to Lucknow.

47. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 30 Dec 1858. In reply to Ricketts' suggestion that Edmonstone should be appointed to the Punjab, and Montgomery to the North West Provinces, Canning states that Montgomery would not accept the Government of the North West Provinces. He would rather have taken his seat in Council, or remained in Oudh.

47a. Copy letter to J P Grant, 31 Dec 1858. Canning writes about the appointment of a successor to G F Edmonstone in the Foreign Department. There is no one suitable in Bengal, Yule and Samuells will not do. The man will have to come from the North West Provinces or the Punjab. Names Muir, Wynyard, Wingfield and Raikes in the North West and Roberts, Barnes and Temple in the Punjab, and comments on these men. Asks Grant if he thinks that Temple's lack of standing in the Service would be a disqualification. Thinks that Temple or Wingfield should be appointed. Asks for the Council's views. Simson has replaced Mr Hogg as Assistant Secretary in the Department. Private.

48. Copy letter to J P Grant, 6 Jan 1859. Canning has just received Grant's letter of 3 Jan about the Loan at 6%, and regrets the necessity of opening it. Asks if there is to be a limit to the sum to be borrowed or to the time during which the Loan should remain open. Canning would like to see the papers if there is time. The news of the campaign against the rebels is good.

49. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 7 Jan 1859. The Governor General thanks Outram for sending two letters from Dr Ogilvie; and for his offer to be the means of communication between the Governor General and Ogilvie. Canning does not at present wish to express to Ogilvie his opinion of Ogilvie's proceedings. Canning has written nothing of Ogilvie which he would not want Ogilvie to read; but he would be sorry if Ogilvie has read part of Outram and Canning's correspondence as it affects the relationship between Outram and Canning. Canning thought this correspondence was private, and does not think that Ogilvie should have been shown these letters without further reference to the Governor General. Ogilvie has the intention of distributing copies of the correspondence, because he believes that several officials have already seen the papers. Canning assures Outram that only the Private Secretary has seen Canning's letters to Outram, and that the substance of them has not been conveyed in any way to any person in India or England. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 4695.

50. Copy letter to J P Grant, 14 Jan 1859. Lord Canning writes on his Minute proposing that Ritchie should succeed Sir James Colvile as Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University. Canning is well aware that Ritchie's claims are much inferior to those of Grant but does not wish the Vice Chancellor always to be a high executive officer of Government .

51. Copy letter to J P Grant, 16 Jan 1859. Canning will not now be in Calcutta before 24 Jan. He will do nothing further about the Foreign Secretary until he joins Grant. Asks for a statement showing the financial relations towards each other of the Government of India and the Straits Settlements, to ascertain how much India gains and how much Singapore loses.

52. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 16 Jan 1859. Canning is glad to learn that Ricketts does not think the two Lieutenant Governors mismatched in their Governments. Sir John Lawrence's health continues to give anxiety.

53. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 14 Feb 1859. The Governor General sends his proposed addition to the letter addressed to Ricketts' son (not annexed).

54. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 26 Mar 1859. Lord Canning has read Colonel Baird Smith's financial paper; the strongest points in it are the alleged impossibility of working the proposed scheme without a much more expensive staff, and the greater economy of his own scheme. The weak point is that he puts aside the principle of separate audit. Canning suggests Baird Smith's paper be circulated before the matter is again discussed in Council.

55. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 4 Apr 1859. The Governor General thanks Outram for sending Dr Ogilvie's letter of 22 Feb. Ogilvie has acted as a gentleman should. Ogilvie's apology is due to Outram, not to Canning. Canning does not think the Governor General's letter should ever have been given to Ogilvie, he now wishes to forget this matter. Cannot understand why Ogilvie should feel humiliated because Canning remarked that Ogilvie had given no opinion on jail matters. If Ogilvie has any papers on jail matters, he should send them to the Government of India, who will commend them if they are good and useful. The papers belong to the Government and not to Ogilvie in a private capacity. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 4695; Governor General's Book numbers 1292, 1015, 1016, 1047, 1052, 1076; Governor General's letter to Sir James dated 19 and 22 Jul, and 2 Sep 1858.

56. Copy letter to B Peacock, 9 May 1859. Canning asks Peacock if he will accept nomination as Vice President of the Legislative Council. There is no one more suitable for the post.

57. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 4 Jun 1859. The Governor General writes about Major Barrow's letter. He will never forget or underrate Barrow's services in Oudh, comments on these. But in the matter of the Nawab of Furruckabad he has committed a terrible error, which goes far to make all mercy and forbearance a farce. Canning has not forgotten Barrow's claims on Government; there is not another man in India in Barrow's position who would not have been dismissed from Civil employment for ever for such a fault. Major Barrow's defence does not exculpate him of any of the blame charged to him. Barrow's fault was the misrepresentation o£ the terms of the Amnesty, and though he acted in good faith, no one is responsible but Barrow himself. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 5500.

58. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 30 Jun 1859. Lord Canning is sure that Outram's Minute on the titles to be created for India should be sent to England. Would like also to send his own views. Is glad to see a less silly letter from the Agent at Moorshedabad, it is incredible that an officer of his experience should recommend drumhead Courts Martial.

59. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 11 Aug 1859. Outram should tell Major Bruce more about the Despatch on the Oudh Police than he has been told so far. The Despatch was a reply to a Minute of the Chief Commissioner by which it appeared that a Police Adjutant had with great difficulty obtained certain evidence from the Rajah of Bingali's men by beating them; and that no condemnation or even notice of this had come from the Chief Commissioner. The offence is one which Canning will always treat as one of the most unpardonable that any servant of Government can commit. The Despatch as a whole gave the highest credit to the Oudh Police.

60. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 31 Aug 1859. The Governor General will send Outram's paper on Egypt and India to Beadon, to be copied and sent to England. Canning has already made his recommendations on this subject in his Minute of 23 Jun; he praises Outram's paper, but does not agree that the report of a French scientific expedition to the Red Sea is significant. It is more likely that the French are seeking a foothold on the African coast above Zanzibar, or at or near Massowa, than that the expedition is aimed against India or Egypt. The Governor General does not believe that the French have 10,000 men at Bourbon. Nor is he convinced that the exodus of the Europeans has rekindled the hopes of the disaffected in India.

61. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 9 Sep 1859. Canning is glad that Ricketts is thinking of work again. Canning gives an outline of his future movements on tour. Agrees that it would be a relief to the Governor General to have a Member of Council on tour, but thinks the Member's position would be embarrassing both to himself and to the Governor General. Gives his reasons for this view.

62. Copy letter to J Wilson, 22 Sep 1859. Canning has just heard that Wilson's appointment is confirmed, and therefore writes to welcome him at Aden. Regrets that he will not be able to see Wilson on his arrival at Calcutta, describes his plans for his tour. Wilson should join Canning in Camp as soon as possible. Canning offers apartments in Government House, or a house at Barrackpore, to Wilson until he finds somewhere of his own. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 6072.

64. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 18 Oct 1859. Canning has reached Oonao, the scene of Outram's first charge with the Volunteer Cavalry. The Governor General has conferred with the Commander in Chief and Wingfield, and thinks Outram will approve the form of the Sunnud for the Talookdars which has been determined upon. Canning has himself told Mahomed Buksh Khan of his appointment as Aide de Camp to the Governor General; he is very pleased, and has returned to Lucknow to rig himself out. Canning is glad Outram prevented publication of part of the General Order on the discharged men. Canning cannot understand the meaning of the home authorities about the re-enlistment in the local force for general service and with bounty, of the men who have remained staunch. Sends separately what he has written to Sir Charles Wood on the subject, and also Mr Badger's letter. Hitherto in sending telegrams by Aden, Canning has asked the Resident to forward them to the Consul at Alexandria, leaving the Consul discretion as to how he sends them on. Believes this is still the best method. Comments on the heat.

65. Copy letter to J Wilson, 4 Nov 1859. Canning writes to assure Wilson that all will be ready for him in Camp. He will not meet any antagonism amongst the officers of Government. Canning will send to Calcutta a strictly private memorandum on the capacity of the officers Wilson will meet. Canning agrees with Wilson about the evils of the divided responsibility of the Financial and Revenue Departments of India. Regrets that he was not able to remain in Calcutta to meet Wilson. The Commander in Chief will remain with the Governor General until Wilson arrives in Camp. An officer of Canning's staff will meet Wilson at Garden Reach, and take him to the rooms in Government House.

66. Copy letter to J Wilson, 22 Nov 1859. The letter is sent by Captain Delane, 2nd in command of the Governor General's Bodyguard, who is to go on board Wilson's ship as soon as it arrives. Hopes that Government House will prove comfortable. The House is undergoing its triennial repairs, postponed from 1858. The person in charge of Government House is Westfield, who has often ushered Wilson into Lady Palmerston's drawing room. He will advise about personal servants. Captain Delane is brother to Delane of 'The Times'; a queer tempered officer, said to be disappointed that Canning has not made him General of a Division.

67. Copy letter to J Wilson, 22 Nov 1859. The Governor General sends a confidential memorandum on Members of Council. He knows what it is to land amongst strangers with whom one has at once to enter into import apt and delicate relations. Wilson should keep the memorandum under his own lock and key. Marked in margin. Memorandum regarding Members of Council and Secretaries to Government returned to Governor General on 14 Aug 1860, after Mr Wilson's death.

68. Copy letter to J Wilson, 22 Nov 1859. Canning writes to meet Wilson in Calcutta on arrival. Is sure that a few days interval will assure Wilson that there will be no opposition, or even only lukewarm aid. Explains that he could not postpone his tour to stay in Calcutta. Wilson should join Canning as soon as possible, partly to increase his prestige, but mostly because of the work to be discussed. Mentions the recasting of the Financial Department, the so called Licence Tax and the paper currency . Canning believes the paper currency is one of the most important measures. Describes his future movements. Wilson will be sworn in immediately he arrives, perhaps he could join the Camp between Agra and Delhi, and might travel with Lieutenant Colonel Yule. It is the utmost importance tor any man who has to deal with the administration of India to learn quickly the immeasurable differences there are between Calcutta and India. Caning would have given the best year of his life to have made the tour he is now making before 1857. The Flag Staff Bungalow at Barrackpore is at the disposal of Mrs Wilson.

69. Copy letter to H B Harington, 22 Nov 1859. The Governor General will send Mr Stainforth's paper to the President in Council officially. Thinks the adjustment of values in the Tariffs should go forward. Believes the estimate of the teak produced by the Eastern Provinces to be too large; the export duty should probably lie somewhere between 4 and 10 Rupees a ton. Saltpetre duty could be raised, though probably not to £10 a ton, as a firm peace in Europe would send the price down. Agrees that some high rates in the existing Tariff might be equalized with the lower rate of 10% ad valorem; but revenue cannot be released until its equivalent has been secured. Does not think the customs revenue will be injured by smuggling, except perhaps in salt and other near essentials. Sends a postscript to a letter dated 11 Nov from Montgomery (not annexed). Has written to Wilson, assuring him of Harington's help, especially in the matter of the Licence Bill. Is glad Harington approves of the Lucknow Durbar. The recognition of adoption has had an unexpectedly great effect. The practical result is that a strong and efficient force can be sent to China; the French must not appear to the Sikhs to be more efficient than the British in China. Canning is sorry to hear that Mrs Harrngton has been obliged to go to England. Asks if Harington saw Sherer's foolish impertinent letter about the anonymous writers and the High Court of the Ionian Islands; Canning meant to rebuke Sherer, but he looked so ill that Canning relented.

70. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 23 Nov 1859. Canning sends a letter from Frederick Peel, brother of Sir William Peel (not enclosed) and asks for its return. The statue he describes could not be placed over Sir W Peel's grave in the densely crowded part of Cawnpore Cemetery. Thinks the finest position, and an appropriate one, would be in the Fort at Allahabad upon the rampart. But to be seen by the greatest number of Englishman, the statue should be in Calcutta, at the south end of the Auckland Gardens, looking towards where the 'Shannon' lay. Asks for Outram's opinion. Asks where the subscribers to the Memorial Fund propose to erect their monument; if in England, the Government should erect a monument in Cawnpore Cemetery.

71. Copy letter to J Wilson, 26 Nov 1859. Canning finds that Yule has already reached Agra; suggests therefore that Lushington could travel up with Wilson, if Wilson agreed.

72. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 13 Dec 1859. Cecil Beadon has read to Canning the letter from Outram. Canning has no fault to find with Outram's speech in the Legislative Council, except that it might provoke Peacock to reply. Was glad to hear Outram's remarks about Wilson; has written to the Secretary of State to stop the silly nonsense about opposition to Wilson. Wilson writes of his cordial reception in Calcutta. The Private Secretary will have sent a copy of Canning's letter to Lord Elphinstone about Dr Ogilvie (The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 6520). The Governor General describes his future movements; he will probably return to Calcutta at the beginning of the rains. Would be glad to hear that Outram was delaying his departure, his help wil1 be missed. There was a fire in the Camp at Hatrass, it broke out in Lady Canning's sitting tent; next to the compartment in which she was sleeping, and was due to a misplaced stove, but she saw it almost immediately and gave notice to the European sentry. The bugle sounded the alarm, and within 5 minutes the whole of the 35th had turned out and were heard coming up the street at a round trot. It was after midnight. The Sikhs and Khelat-i-Ghilzie men and the Bodyguard had helped cut the ropes and let the adjoining tent fall, but not before the Governor General's Office Tent went on fire. The Cannings lost many papers, chiefly private, all Lady Canning's clothes except those sent on ahead, some valuables, and nearly all her drawings. Thanks Outram for the letter to Captain Eastwick.

73. Copy letter to H Ricketts, 17 Jan 1860. Canning thanks Ricketts for his letter; in his Order Canning did no more than justice to the valuable help he has received from Ricketts. He laments his premature retirement, due to ill health. Canning wishes Ricketts could have seen the Punjab before going home; the prosperity and contentment of the people amazes Canning. But in Upper India it is painful to pass through District after District and learn that there are none, or very few natives of influence, intelligence and good character. Upper India is being governed with a short-handed crew of first rate Englishmen, and between them and the poorer class of land holders there is a wide gap. If the British are mad enough to think that a country can long be governed safely under so unnatural a system they will deserve a second rebellion. The lack of a class interested in the land, and exercising influence on those below them, and taking share in the administration, is a lack which will be felt increasingly, and one which no amount of labour and wisdom by the Government will supply. It is against nature to deprive a country of such a class. Yet this has been done so effectively in many parts that it will not be easy to replace. In the Punjab, and perhaps in the Cis Sutlej States, the evil may be arrested, and a sounder system put on foot. This is Canning's chief ambition, and before turning back to Calcutta he hopes to convince the higher classes that the Government do not wish to see them decay and die out to improve them off the face of creation, as the Americans say.

74. Copy letter to J Wilson, 22 Jan 1860. Lord Canning will send Temple to Calcutta, but he must first finish his work as Compensation Commissioner. Comments on the proposed changes in the Police system. Canning's objections to the Tobacco Tax, mainly on the grounds of the interference with a home grown and home consumed product, will be much lessened if the District Officers do not share them. He still considers 100 Rupees too low a limit for the Income Tax. The Home Government have made a mess of Canning's proposal for Sir W Mansfield; they have made him General of Division under Sir Hope Grant, which Mansfield wishes to decline. Returns some letters (not annexed). Describes his future movements.

75. Copy letter to J Wilson, 23 Jan 1860. The Governor General sends an extract of a letter from Wingfield (appended) showing the peaceful progress of the Tax on Trades, and the Octroi duties in Oudh and Lucknow. The Oudh Talookdars are cooperating. A Despatch from the Commissioner of Pegu has arrived, he objects to a Tax on Trades, and would obtain the contribution from Pegu by a large increase of the ground rent in towns. Canning is not convinced by the Commissioner's arguments, will send the Despatch to Calcutta with his opinion.

76. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 28 Jan 1860. Canning comments on the Minutes from Outram and Frere upon the expediency of strengthening the expedition to China because of the French allied Army. Canning agrees that this is necessary, and sends extracts from Private correspondence with Sir C Wood and Mr Sidney Herbert (extracts not annexed, but dates of letters Oct-Dec 1859 given) showing that since 1 Nov Canning has pressed the Home Government to increase the force. The Home Government was afraid that if it was announced that a large British force was to sail, the Emperor might increase the French force. Whatever has been decided in Europe between Britain and France must be adhered to, whilst the Indian Government holds itself ready to send reinforcements if necessary. Canning thinks the Staff suggested in Outram's Minute is too large; but the Commissariat and Medical branches must not be stinted. The extracts mentioned can be shown to Frere, but to no one else.

77. Copy letter to J Wilson, 31 Jan 1860. Canning has received Wilson's letter from Sherghotty, but not from Lucknow. The opinion of the Allahabad and other officers in favour of 100 Rupees a year as a limit of exemption from Income Tax is good so far as it goes, but more than opinions, knowledge of how the limit would work is necessary. Suggests that returns be furnished by District Officers from Pergunnahs up and down the country. This would be useful to use in defence of the low limit, and also to show the extent of hostility likely to arise against the tax. Asks Wilson to consult the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal about the Tobacco Tax. Sir W Mansfield has asked leave to decline the Divisional Command in China, and will await orders at Bombay. Lord Clyde's movement depend on whether he is to prolong his command. Asks for information about barbarities in the collection of arms if they were in the North West Provinces they bear upon a matter Canning is currently considering.

78. Copy letter to J Wilson, 10 Feb 1860. Canning has telegraphed a reply to Wilson's letter of 3 Feb (marked in margin dated 10 Feb number 723) After what Canning has seen in the Punjab, it is very unlikely that he will agree to so low a limit as 100 Rupees for the Income Tax, no matter what encouragement comes from the Lower Provinces. Many of the land holders in the Punjab have been over assessed, and their assessments are being reduced. These landholders would not understand the imposition of a new tax on land at the same time as the reduction in assessment. The position of the Government of India in its double capacity of a landlord receiving rent and a Government demanding taxes makes it necessary that the justice of the rent exacted by it should be taken into account when imposing a tax upon the profits which remain to the landholders after he has paid the rent. As the towns are about to be vexed with a Licence Tax, extra care must be taken not to antagonise not only the mass of the agricultural class, but those who, being a little above the mass, exercise much influence in their villages. Canning wishes to exclude from the tax all but those who can certainly bear it with ease; would accept 200 Rupees as the lower limit, without waiting for reports on the working of the limit. The 3 grades in the Licence Tax are a great improvement. Wilson did not send Muir's Memorandum (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 724); Canning is very ready to have his doubts about the Tobacco Tax set at rest, they refer only to the amount and nature of interference the scheme involves in free cultivation and home consumption. Agrees to the increase upon cotton and saltpetre duties, and to the enlargement of the free list of exports.

79. Copy letter to J Wilson, 2 Mar 1860. Canning thanks Wilson for his letter of 21 Feb and for his excellent speech. Canning is satisfied with the footing upon which the Income Tax provisions place the Zemindar; but doubts the value of the 1% set apart for local purposes and asks for further information. The local cesses are now collected very easily, and another form of local contribution levied as well would not be very intelligible to the people. Would approve the abolition of tolls on the Trunk Road, if this could be done in fairness to other parts of India.

80. Copy letter to J Wilson, 4 Mar 1860. Canning is satisfied with the state of affairs at Peshawur, the temper of the Border Chiefs and the condition of the troops. He has stopped all further expenditure on the barracks at Peshawur and Nowshera. One English Regiment may be withdrawn east of the Indus, which would enable another Regiment to be returned to England, making a total of 7. The Native Cavalry on the Frontier will also be reduced. Scindia and Holkar have been uttering warnings against reduction of European strength (The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 6823), but the rebellion is dying out. There should be as little said about a sudden diminution of Europeans as possible. The case against an abandonment of Peshawur and Kohat is stronger than Canning believed, and Lawrence's financial reasons in favour of it are less sound than Canning expected. Does not think the Government in England will give into the proposal, even though they should have, as Canning thinks Wood has a hankering for it. Outram wishes the Government to withdraw within the Upper Indus, but this has never been fairly put before the Government of India. The completion of the Trunk Road between Lahore and Peshawur, and especially between Rawulpindee and Peshawur is urgent, comments. The two schemes for the bridge at Attock were unsatisfactory and expensive Canning believes that Major Robertson's scheme for a tunnel will be the best solution. He has ordered preliminary testings to be started at once. Lord Clyde cannot be sent down country at present, Canning has much to arrange with him. Canning does not share Wilson's fear that too many barracks will be built, but thinks they have been built too expensively in the past. Describes his future movements.

81. Copy letter to J Wilson, 13 Mar 1860. Canning has telegraphed Wilson to be careful how he commits the Government on the question of Income Tax for the Army. Sends a note on the effect of the tax on European troops (in margin Miscellaneous number 467). Canning and Lord Clyde never realised that Good Conduct pay would bring Corporals and Privates within the incidence of the tax. Lord Clyde thinks there is no fear of insubordination so long as the Privates are not taxed; but Canning wants no agitation of the question in the grades above Privates for any discontent in the European Army would encourage resistance on the part of the natives. Moreover, though such an agitation might in Bengal be kept within bounds, this might not be the case in Madras and Bombay. The preposterous pretension of the Governments of the Presidencies that they ought not to be subjected to the same measures of new taxation as Bengal is no secret. Thinks that exemption from the tax should cover those who receive Good Conduct pay, and also all soldiers who do not hold commissions. Describes his future movements.

82. Copy letter to J Wilson, 18 Mar 1860. Canning has telegraphed a reply to Wilson, he understands that Non-Commissioner Officers of all grades are exempt by the terms of the Bill (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 737). The uneasiness amongst some of the English troops continues. Comments on a letter on this subject from Meerut (The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 6862). Canning has taken steps to let Commanding Officers know that the tax will not touch Non-Commissioned Officers. In bringing in the Bill on the 27th it will be best not to refer to the uneasiness of the troops.

83. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 22 Mar 1860. Lord Canning explains further to his letter to Wilson of 4 Mar which English Regiments are to be sent home. The 1st Battalion of the 60th, the 53rd, and 8th are all presumably on their way home. Four more Regiments are retained in India only until they are needed in China, or, if not needed there, until they can be sent home. Canning will send shortly a distribution statement of the European troops in part of India. If Outram's health means that he must leave Calcutta, Canning will at once cheerfully come down. The wives of the soldiers sent to China should be free to stay if they wish in India.

84. Copy letter to Sir J Outram, 25 Mar 1860. Canning regrets to find how ill Outram has been; as soon as Canning has seen the Lawrence Asylum he will be glad to come to Calcutta at any time. Sends the promised distribution report (not annexed). Fears that the French schemes in the Red Sea are as Mr Badger suggests; but Canning could not agree to the proposal that Mr Newall should be helped to bargain for Valentia Island. The question must finally be settled between London and Paris. If France is set upon getting a foothold on the African Coast, the Government of India could not defeat her, unless the Home Government is determined to assume the position of denying France her right to a foothold. If there is to be a French station, which is pretty certain because of the establishment of a French Packet service to China, Adoulis is no worse for India than any other. Any fraud or violence the French Government practised upon the coast might form a very proper ground of remonstrance from the English Goverment; but it would not justify the Government of India endeavouring to counteract the proceedings of the French officers indirectly.

85. Copy letter to J Wilson, 23 Apr 1860. Lord Canning has not been able to reply to Wilson's letters before, because of ill health. Asks Wilson not to act in the Half Batta question until Canning comes to Calcutta. Wood's Public Works Despatch of 8 Feb and his letter to Wilson of 10 Feb increase problems, do not clear them up. It seems that the Public Works Committee of the Council favour the system desired by Madras whilst Wood himself approves what has been recommended by the Government of India. With reference to decentralization, Canning agrees with Wilson about Trevelyan's aim, and the outcry in England, but Wilson takes centralization too far. Canning cannot agree with Wilson that the difference of races and customs in India is of no moment, or could be easily overruled. India cannot be compared to Great Britain. The natives of India submit to the British because they cannot resist with any hope of success; but there is no disposition to look to India as one and indivisible, or in everyday matters to look to one centre of authority. It is scarcely a generation since the greater part of India was under separate and hostile rulers. Nor can India be compared to the Colonies, for in the Colonies the British element is paramount in wealth and intelligence, if not in numbers. This is not so in India beyond the Presidency Towns, even if it is true of them. Canning is sorry that Wilson has leant so much on English example. It is a good argument for such critics as the Chamber of Commerce, or the Trades Association or the newspapers, but for the natives it is valueless, if not worse, and it does not win assent from the Civil Officers. Canning would rather defend the Income Tax on its own merits for India, than on its similarity to the English Tax. Agrees that the finance of India should be centralised, but does not agree that the armies and the police should be centralised. Agrees with Wilson's interpretation of Herbert's speech on the expense of the Chinese Expedition, it cannot be intended that India should pay. Wilson will see what Canning has written about Trevelyan's outrageous vagary to Madras and to Wood. Canning holds it absolutely necessary that the Tax Bills do not become law before word comes from England. Opinion in England, and the effect of Trevelyan's opposition must be gauged. The Bills would not be deferred, but could pass through the Council less rapidly.

86. Copy letter to J Wilson, 24 Apr 1860. The Governor General approves of Wilson's remarks on estimates from the various branches of the service, Paymasterships, audit and currency. Asks if the Committees will be able to do their work without representatives from Madras and Bombay. Agrees that Temple should be put on the Military Finance Committee. Newbolt will be replaced by Hobday, Hobday will not therefore be on the Commission. Wilson will see that Temple and Mr Halsey have been gazetted; newly created appointments should be gazetted by the Governor General. Has replied officially on tolls since his telegram (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 745). The tolls on the Simla road are leased to a man who has a monopoly on the bullock train, which is therefore badly conducted at great charges to the public. Asks Wilson to explain his statement of leaving all the judicial and other questions apart from receipts of Land Revenue with single Commissioners in place of the existing Boards. Agree with Wilson's estimate of Muir wishes to know more of the plan. Canning never thought of sending Muir to Oudh, he is the last man in India for a non- Regulation Province. Reduction of the military expenditure is being worked out with the Commander in Chief; some economies may be made by reducing the marching establishment and carriage, but very little by concentrating the troops. Expenditure on the heavy batteries may be reduced further. Canning agrees with Wilson as to the necessity of bringing the medical Department under close control. Canning has telegraphed Elphinstone about Aden (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 759) and the replacement of Brigadier Coghlan. Captain Playfair is young for the post, probably Coghlan's recommendation included a separation for the time being of the duties of Political Agent and Commandant of the Garrison. Trevelyan's manifesto has been much discussed at Loodiana; Canning wishes Montgomery had made more haste in selecting the Sirdars for the Magistracy. Canning leaves Simla on 7 May.

87. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 25 Apr 1860. Canning thanks Frere for sending news of Sir J Outram's illness (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Received 1156) notwithstanding Outram's injunctions to the contrary. Canning regrets he cannot leave before the 7th (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 753). Hopes the newspaper reports that Outram is going to the Straits are true. If there is danger of the Legislative Council ceasing to work because it cannot make a quorum, a provisional member could be appointed to the Governor General's Council. The Governor General has no power to name a member to the Legislative Council. Probably Grey would be the best selection, should need arise. Has heard of no repercussions of Trevelyan's manifesto, except from Loodiana.

88. Copy letter to J Wilson, 29 Apr 1860. The Governor General sends a letter he has received from Montgomery (not annexed, marked in margin dated 25 April 1860, number 26) who is uneasy, but not more so than Canning expected. Montgomery little knows Trevelyan, when he speaks of resignation. The argument for introducing the taxes in the autumn was urged before the Madras trouble by Mr Cust, the most anxious of the Punjab Commissioners about the work. Canning believes that part of Wilson's Despatch to the Home Government contradicts the last paragraph of Canning's Despatch (on taxes) and prefers his own course. If Wilson has any reasons for pressing the measure through quickly which he has not stated, he should inform Canning. Another reason for delaying the taxes to the autumn is the greater ease with which the Civil officers will then be able to move amongst the people. Asks how long the legislative process and other preliminaries can be spun out, without giving the appearance of hesitation. Canning has heard that Wilson wishes for a Punjab Member in the Legislative Council. Since the Governor General wrote to Sir B Frere, Sir C Jackson has resigned; (marked in margin Governor General number 1578) and Sir M. Wells could be brought in. Canning is very unwilling to introduce a Punjab representative into the Council, and does not regard the Act of Parliament as obligatory in this matter. The Punjab legislates best for itself. Canning believes that Sir B Peacock disputes the legality of its doings, but until that question is forced upon the Government Canning will not raise the question. The Committee of the Indian Council appointed to consider the changes to be made in the Legislative machinery recommends the present Punjab system. Canning will leave Simla on the 7th, after holding a Durbar of the Hill Chiefs, and receiving privately the Putiala Maharajah and the Cis Sutlej Rajahs. No word has come from the Lieutenant Governor North West Provinces. Montgomery's letter is to be shown to no one except Sir B Frere.

89. Copy letter to J Wilson, 3 May 1860. Canning sends a letter from Sir R Shakespear (not annexed, marked in margin dated 29 April 1860, Private Secretary’s Correspondence no. 7020). Canning has telegraphed Shakespear to take steps to remove the apprehensions of taxation in native states, and will send similar instructions to the Governor General's Agent in Rajpootana, and the Lieutenant Governor North West Provinces. Wingfield has just arrived.

90. Copy letter to J Wilson, 8 May 1860. Canning will telegraph on 9 May about Malwa opium. Wishes Wilson had told him how much the tax would bring in; it is as unobjectionable a tax as any, but there is a danger in adding or increasing taxes at present, irrational apprehensions are abroad. Canning would like to know how much the additional 200 Rupees per chest would bring in, and if the increase would raise any opposition or excitement. Canning has written to Sir B Frere about the Legislative Council, with a Minute appointing Sir M Wells to Jackson's place. It would not do for the Governor General to be a party to any bargain between Jackson and Wells, but if Wells resigns on Jackson's return, Jackson would be reappointed. The Governor General has told both men this. Frere is to decide whether to accept Jackson's resignation at once, or to wait until Le Geyt actually fails. Wilson will have seen Canning's Despatch to Wood about Trevelyan. It is necessary to wait for the opinions from England before passing the Tax Bills. Canning is delighted to hear of the stoppage of issue of Treasury Bills. Muir will meet the Governor General at Allahabad, and will hear of his new employment in Calcutta. Canning is sorry to hear of Mrs Wilson's ill health, and departure for the Neilgherries, which he thinks a healthier place than Simla. Thanks Wilson for urging him to stay in the Hills. The journey will be very disagreeable downwards, but apart from that Canning has no fears. Sends under a separate cover a memorandum by Wingfield on tobacco. Endorsed Governor General to Sir R Shakespear, dated May 9 1860. Telegraph Messages Sent 773.

90a. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 8 May 1860. Lord Canning has received Frere's letter of the 1st; is obliged to Frere for his suggestion that he should not return to Calcutta so soon, but he does not fear any ill effects from the journey. Has learnt that Sir C Jackson has placed his resignation in the hands of Sir B Peacock. Canning will send a Minute appointing Sir M Wells. Canning has received a copy of Ritchie's opinion on the competency of the Governor General's Council to act in the absence of the President (The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 7131). It is not as conclusive as Canning would have liked. No allusion is made to a similar situation which arose in Dalhousie's time, when Canning believes the Senior Member took the place of the President without any doubts arising as to the validity of the business done. Asks for information about the Great Tasmania case. Inquiry seems to be necessary into the men who reported upon medical comforts, and upon the provisions.

90b. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 9 May 1860. Canning sends a Minute accepting the resignation of Sir C Jackson and naming Sir Mordaunt Wells, as his successor (not enclosed, Marked in margin dated 9 May). Canning sends it unofficially, because he wishes Frere to decide when the Minute should be recorded and the appointment gazetted. The delay is to avoid accepting a resignation which has been tendered unwilling, until absolutely necessary; and it is possible that an improvement in Le Geyt's health may diminish the necessity. Whenever the Minute is published, ask Frere to forward letters to Jackson and Wells (not annexed).

91. Copy letter to J Wilson, 15 May 1860. The Governor General will be in Calcutta by the 21st. Canning does not expect an answer to his Despatch of 19 Apr about Trevelyan from England before the beginning of July. The legislation upon the Bills must be prolonged until then. If no obstacles are imposed from England, the Bills may become law by mid-July. Thinks the law should apply universally from Oct. Wilson's suggestion of levying tax from certain sources before Oct, and calling upon the rest of the country in Oct to pay retrospectively is unwise and might lead to much hardship. Discusses Wilson's suggestion of raising the minimum of taxable incomes from 200 Rupees to 300 or 400 Rupees, abandoning the 1% for Public Works, and increasing the middle rate of the Licence Duty. The raising of the lower limit would meet the objections in England, and is in accordance with the views of Montgomery. But Canning believes that the 200 Rupees limit makes the tax pass over the heads of the vast mass of agriculturalists in the North West Provinces, though not in the Punjab. Officers of Government do not expect any difficulty in either area. Comments on the optimistic spirit of the local officers he has met, they expect no disturbance or excitement, though they are prepared for great disturbance of their ordinary administrative duties. But almost all the officers dread the effect of the Tobacco Tax; Wingfield is completely against it. Canning would prefer to leave the Income Tax. alone, and give up the Tobacco Tax. Canning has suspended the issue of the exposition of the new taxes, because the exposition commits the Government to a Tobacco Tax. Muir is ready to take the Calcutta Board post, though he is not delighted with the prospect. Endorsed: Extract sent to Sir C Wood dated 16 May 1860.

92. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 24 May 1860. Canning sends two private letters from Wingfield and Montgomery (not annexed. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence nos. 7068 & 7069). The account from Oudh is good on the whole, yet a little disquieting. Canning is greatly pained at Elphinstone's last Minute. The Governor General altered Mr Wilson's draft into one from the Secretary for he does not think the Council should continue to correspond directly with the Local Governments. He also made the account of what had passed with the Oudh Government more full. Asks Frere to breakfast at 10.

92a. Copy letter to J Wilson, 26 May 1860. Canning sends a letter from Wingfield (not annexed, The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 7068) which is on the whole satisfactory. Also sends a copy of his reply on one point (reply not annexed, marked in margin Governor General 1595).

92b. Copy letter to J Wilson, 3 Jun 1860. Caning has no doubt that Jackson's resignation from the Legislative Council must now take effect, and his place be filled. Agrees about the Malwa opium, and has sent the papers to Grey. The chief paper is not in India called a Minute, but a Resolution. The only difference is that the words 'Let so and so be done' will be replaced by 'Resolved that etc etc'. A Minute in India is the expression of the individual opinion of a Member of Council or other officer, held sacred from publication until Parliament calls for them. The unjust and blundering hubbub about Lord Clyde's supposed condemnation of the East India officers is mainly due to the paper which ought to have been a Minute was written by Clyde in the form of a letter, whereby it ceased to be the property of the Government solely, became transferred to the Adjutant General's Office, where everything is made public. It is well therefore to adhere to the forms and terms which the Indian officers understand, and which work well.

92c. Copy letter to J Wilson, 4 Jun 1860. Canning has sent the two drafts on to Sir B Frere. He thinks the draft on the mistaken estimates, and supposed elasticity of revenue excellent, but proposes to omit the illustration from the Colonial Government. He has also added something to the way in which papers might be procured by the Legislative Council directly from the Governor General or Governor General in council. Forbes should have a copy of the draft

93. Copy letter to J Wilson, 9 Jun 1860. The Governor General has heard with great sorrow that Wilson has been confined to the house, and begs him to obey his doctor's orders. Recovery from any illness is difficult in India. Returns Sir H Ward's letter (not annexed, marked in margin dated Galle 22 May), thinks Sir H Rose knew that Ward had had a disappointment over Bombay. Does not think that Ward will find the embarrassment to himself personally so great as he anticipated, it is India and the Indian Government that has suffered. Returns a telegram (not annexed, marked in margin Sir H Ward to Mr Wilson Colombo dated 8 Jun 1860). The mail steamer of the 16th or 17th will reach Galle before Sir H Ward leaves. With reference to the Bombay and Madras letters, thinks that the Customs question should be treated apart from the Conspiracy question. Thinks if the conspiracy is noticed at all, it should be so very mildly. There was nothing on the part of Bombay which that Government did not avow openly, and there is danger that by noticing the matter the intercommunications of the two Governments might be continued in a more private shape, which would be quite as mischievous and more intangible. The papers have been sent to Frere, and will be brought up on Friday. Canning has not had time to read the Tobacco papers. Is sure that a Licence Tax of 2 Rupees is not possible for the Mofussil. Trevelyan's recall must be kept a secret.

93a. Copy letter to J Wilson, 17 Jun 1860. Canning has sent the Ways and Means draft to Sir B Frere. It is admirably clear, and should be printed and sent home. Canning has added a sentence to show that the Government is aware of the wisdom of not pressing the Income Tax too stringently in its first application. Asks for the general financial draft as soon as possible. Sends Financial Despatches (not annexed).

93b. Copy letter to J Wilson, 18 Jun 1860. The Governor General regrets that he cannot concur in the Public Works Despatch. Agrees with the remarks on the urgency of funds for Public Works, and with the importance of the particular works specified (except the Calcutta Public Offices, which he thinks less important) but cannot agree with the whole object of the Despatch, as shown on the last page. Does not agree that it is necessary to impose 1% duty for Public Works. It would have been better to impose 4% for Imperial purposes. Canning always thought that it would be difficult to apply the 1% to local works satisfactorily, but thought it would be popular and make the whole measure less distasteful. He now fears this was a mistake, but sees no need to confess this in a Despatch. He cannot agree to plead the necessity or even the expediency of the separate 1%. However the Despatch, all but the last page, can be used in a different form; it will be discussed on Friday.

93c. Copy letter to J Wilson, 20 Jun 1860. Lord Canning reports that the Chief Justice is willing to attend extra sittings of the Legislative Council, but he objects to breaking off causes before 5pm the nominal closing hour of the Court. He could not therefore attend before half past five. He is quite ready to meet at 7am. Canning will discuss this with Wilson and Frere.

93d. Copy letter to J Wilson, 1 Jul 1860. Canning refers to the two new paragraphs and the conclusion added to the draft. As the Draft first stood it seemed to say that earlier Governor Generals have suppressed crime, made life and property secure under pressure from home, and not mainly proprio motu. Whereas until Lord William Bentinck's time the Court seldom answered a Despatch on internal government until two years after it was written, and everything except revenue and war was left to the judgement of those in India. Instructions from England were a rarity, approvals or concurs were all that Lord Hastings or Lord Wellesley expected. The new paragraphs are fuller and better. Regrets that Wilson has had so much trouble with the Despatch. Suggests that the words 'Provincial Battalions' in paragraph 12 are misleading. Will not be able to consider the other papers until Tuesday. Agrees to the printing of the Despatch.

93e. Copy letter to J Wilson, 15 Jul 1860. Canning urges Wilson to make use of Government House, Barrackpore, which is more comfortable than the Bungalows. Urges Wilson to stop working at night. Thinks that Colonel Bruce wants a longer trial for his own system, and not reform from without.

94. Copy letter to J Wilson, 24 Jul 1860. Canning thanks Wilson for Sir H Ward's letter, which he returns (not annexed). The Governor General has a letter from Ward, written in rather better heart. Canning has read Wilson's note and the proposed addition to the Resolution upon communications with the other Governments. It is not true that the Resolution as drafted by the Secretary omitted, or overlooked the essential point that communications such as Wilson referred to were to be made by the Governor General in Council to the Local Governments. Prefers the last paragraph of the Draft Resolution to Wilson's alternative. Cannot agree that for the first time the Governor General in Council is awakening to the consciousness of the Presidencies being kept altogether in the dark on matters interesting to them. During the 4 years that Canning has been in India his communications with the Governors of Madras and Bombay (with a short interval as regards Madras) have been constant and thoroughly unreserved. He has constantly sent to the Governors privately, papers which according to the old observances of the time of the Court of Directors, could not be sent officially. Elphinstone's complaints in his Minute deal with the time before 1856. This method of conference is inconvenient and laborious, and unfair to the Members of the Councils of Madras and Bombay. It is because of this that the Draft Resolution speaks of the expediency of adopting some systematic means of keeping the Local Governments informed. Thinks that Sir H Ward's letter may have misled Wilson as to Lord Harris's views. Harris was not angry at the lack of information, but weary at Departmental and administrative delays in Calcutta, an evil which the reforms Wilson has suggested and other changes Canning hopes for from England, should go far to remove. Canning believes that Elphinstone's complaints are the same; and had Canning been in Calcutta at the beginning of 1860, and writing privately to Elphinstone about affairs, Elphinstone's parting Minutes could not have been written. Canning cannot agree to have the Private Secretary brought into communication between Governor General and Governors in the way Wilson proposes. The Private Secretary should not deal with papers which the Governor General does not take home with him. To use him would bypass, quite unnecessarily, the Government Secretaries. Both the Foreign and Military Secretaries have Secret Departments. Canning cannot agree to bringing the Governor General in Council into direct correspondence with the Governors in Council. Nor does he agree to the sort of demi official correspondence Wilson suggests. Correspondence should be official, or private, between the Governor General and the Governors. Papers sent to the Governors will be for information only; that is, they are to be read, but not commented on. The use of the term 'confidential' in the Draft Resolution was a mistake, and should be replaced by 'Extra Official'. Cannot agree to Wilson's paragraph on the equal distribution of the patronage of the Governor General in Council between the Presidencies, for the patronage is already equally distributed, cites examples. Canning is opposed to the use of a tone of apology or even conciliation in the official Resolutions of the Government of India he wishes to uphold the idea of not the infallibility but the unquestionability of the Supreme Government. Does not think the Resolution should be confidential. Asks for the present letter to be sent on to Sir H B Frere.

95. Copy letter to J Wilson, 3 Aug 1860. The Governor General is sorry to hear that Wilson is less well; urges Wilson to take care of himself. Canning will visit Wilson as soon as the doctor allows, to talk over business.

96. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 9 Sep 1860. Lord Canning sends 500 Rupees to be transmitted to Mr Fitzwilliam for the Syrian Relief Fund; remembers the generosity of the Sultan in 1857.

98. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 26 Nov 1860. Canning is a day's journey short of Patna, en route for Benares. Yule describes the country quite contented under the Income Tax. The only trouble is the shortage of forms, about which Canning has written to the Lieutenant Governor (marked in margin dated 24 Nov 1860). Yule will find only a few of the native gentry suitable for magistrates, the majority are too poor, too unimportant, or too indolent. Yule dislikes his Police, and is prepared to try the new system; asks for him to be sent privately a copy of the Report of the Police Commission with relevant papers except the Despatch of the Home Government. Is glad to see the Stud question settled by a Despatch of the last mail. Thinks definite instructions should go to the two Presidencies about Colonel Apperley's mission to report on the Studs. Describes the Monghyr Tunnel, which will be finished within 9 months; unfortunate1y if the branch line to the river at Monghyr had been considered earlier, the tunnel would have been superfluous, as the main line could have turned the flank of the hills. Canning has been considering his last conversation with Frere about schools and Bible classes (The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 8009). He does not see his way to the working of the Mofussil Colleges and schools independently of the State so clearly as Frere does. Fears that if the Government withdraws from all action with regard to the schools, apart from the giving of the grant in aid, and inspections, the schools will lose support and authority. Unfortunately the largest part of school subscriptions comes from Europeans, and if the Government took less part in school government, zealous Europeans might take the lead, and introduce the Bible as an obligatory class book. Natives tend to associate the acts of European officials in their private capacity, with the policy of Government. Asks for more information on Frere's views. Asks Frere to send a printed Minute on the Legislative Council Reform, with notes showing the additions and alterations Frere contemplates. Hopes Frere and Lady Frere are safe at Barrackpore, asks Frere to give Lily the ostrich's eggs in the drawing room.

99. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 30 Nov 1860. The Governor General sends a letter and enclosure from Sir G Clerk (not annexed, marked in margin dated 14 Nov 1860), which he does not understand for he knows nothing of the Bombay squabble beyond what has been in the newspapers. Judging by Clerk's letter, it can hardly be a case for open war between the Judges and the Government. Wishes Frere would leave Calcutta

100. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 1 Dec 1860. Canning sends a letter from the Bishop (not annexed, marked in margin: dated 14 Nov 1860, Governor General 1800). Canning sent the Bishop a copy of the Minute on the Bishop's school scheme, and this is his reply. Canning doubts the expediency of any deed or act of incorporation, because a Corporation is less likely to attract alms; asks for Frere's opinion. Canning is nearing Buxar, describes his plans. Has written to Sir W Denison at Galle asking him to come to Bengal. A large number of ex sepoys are working on the Soane Bridge, they work well and are orderly. A great number of sepoys are reported to have slunk back to their homes in the Jugdeespore Jungles, where Mr Burroughs the Contractor has become a great Zemindar, and has cleared about 3,000 acres for sugar cane, poppies and rice. They give no trouble and admit that they committed a great folly and were thoroughly beaten.

101. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 10 Dec 1860. Canning sends a letter from Sir Culling Eardley of the British Syrian Relief Committee (marked in margin Governor General 1801) and his reply. Thinks that before any further steps are taken, Fitzwilliam should be consulted, to see what else should be done to forward the Relief Fund. Probably Fitzwilliam and any gentleman associated with him should be offered the co-operation of Government in sending papers through Local Governments.

102. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 10 Dec 1860. Canning has sent separately a letter about the Syrian Relief Fund, which Frere may use in any way he likes. Doubts whether Fitzwilliam has done much in the Mofussil.

103. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 11 Dec 1860. The Governor General considers the Sikkim affair very unfortunate; Frere has done all he can from Calcutta. As many troops as are wanted at present, and as many as can be supplied are on their way. Canning will do nothing more at present, except for sending two guns of the Mountain Train from Dinapore. Canning knows nothing of Colonel Maitland, but his letter is sensible, report should soon come from the Commander in Chief about the command. As to the future policy, supposes that full particulars will soon come from Dr Campbell of the affair. Canning hopes rather than expects that the Sikkim authorities will be brought to terms short of active war that is, through an occupation of territory with an irresistible force, without an attack upon the capital. Some information may be obtainable from the events of the last quarrel with Sikkim in 1850. There must be no permanent annexation of a single acre. A Mountain Train battery is moving from Allahabad to Dinapore. Endorsed: Governor General to Mr Beadon 12 Dec 1860.

104. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 12 Dec 1860. Canning saw in the newspapers the petition which was presented to the Legislative Council on Saturday; he knows of the debate only from Frere's letter. Is sure that Frere was right not to impede the presentation of the petition). The Governor General understands from what Frere writes of Peacock's postponement of his motion that the motion might be carried if Jackson is present; and supposes that it will need a reply from the Executive Government. This will be troublesome, but Canning will not greatly regret it. It is now clear that the question of the Legislative Council will have to be fought out, and discussed publicly. The claims of the existing Council to a large scope of responsibility and authority is a more difficult part of the question than the outside demand for a more numerous and independent Council. The question must be fought out in England and the matter in India avoided as much as possible. If Peacock should carry a motion requesting the papers on the Mysore grant, it should be answered by a civil refusal to give the papers, on the grounds of public interest, and stating that the request would be made known to the Secretary of State. Canning has telegraphed Frere for more information about the whole matter (marked in margin: Telegraph Messages Sent 853). Wingfield wishes to know what is to be done in the Oudh Libel case, seeing that Mr Hardinge, the real offender, has left India. Supposes that Ritchie would advise his client Ramdyal about this; believes in the interests of Government it would be better that there should be some appearance in Court, and some exposition of the case, even though Hardinge's escape will mean that the case is eventually dropped. Perhaps publication of the affidavits would suffice. Canning has given up the journey to Saugor. The Secundar Begum and Holkar will come to Jubbulpore, also the Nagpore people. Asks when Frere is going to Barrackpore. Endorsed: Governor General to Mr Berlin 1 Dec 1860.

105. Copy letter to C Beadon, 12 Dec 1860. Canning describes the great Durbar, the Attar and Pawn were forgotten, and there were one or two other failures. Canning has written to Frere about Sikkim and the Legislative Council. He as heard since he wrote to Frere (marked in margin Governor General to Sir B Frere 12 Dec 1860) from the Lieutenant Governor, who sends an incoherent and unsatisfactory letter from Campbell. Campbell will have to be removed, though not immediately. Hopes for some course, short of an invasion in force, which should bring the Dewan to terms, but can see none at present. There must be no permanent retention of territory. Troops are being moved up, Canning has not yet heard from Rose about a Commander. Describes his future movements. The Gwalior Treaty is nearly completed. Asks for Beadon's opinion on the Court's Despatch of Feb 1857 on giving up Jhansi. Asks for information about Ramdyal's case, and the Lucknow trials generally. Will not reply at present to Beadon's letter on the Foreign Secretaryship. Endorsed: Governor General. to Sir B Frere 11 Dec 1860 and 12 Dec 1860.

106. Copy letter to C Beadon, 16 Dec 1860. The Governor General has received Beadon's letter of 11 Dec. Lady Canning and the Governor General arrived at Mirzapore by water, Canning stopped between Benares and Chunar to have a shot at a tiger, but he only heard the animal roar. Sends a copy of a letter dated 16 Dec 1860 to the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, giving his views on the Sikkim affair. Canning has written to Frere about the coming motion of the Chief Justice in the Legislative Council (marked in margin: dated 16 Dec 1861) believes it was right to receive the petition, and to take up the issue when Peacock raises it.

107. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 16 Dec 1860. Canning approves of all that Frere has done in the matter of the petition to the Legislative Council. Thinks perhaps Frere should not have spoken so optimistically on the chance of escaping a Loan. The request for the Mysore papers must be refused, but it should be made clear that the Government has nothing to withhold, and that the refusal is given on the ground of a general principle. The refusal should not indicate that the Government of India and the Secretary of State have been at issue on the subject, although the fact is sufficiently notorious. Approves of Frere's proposal to delay the Money (?) Bills while there is a chance of being defeated on Peacock's motion. It might help to announce that the Council is under consideration in England. Canning does not know how the Indian Council acted in the matter of the Mysore grant. The account of the success of the Pegu mission is very satisfactory, Canning is curious to know where the economies are to be made, as they cannot all come from military expenditure. Regrets that Frere has not gone to Barrackpore. Agrees that it would not be wise to stop the Chief Justice's talk on the Mysore Treaty, but thinks general discussion could be prevented by warning the Legislative Council that the Treaty is the business of the Crown and the Crown's advisers, and not of the Legislative Council. Discussion of the meaning of a Treaty between the Crown and a native state could be embarrassing and mischievous. Endorsed: Governor General to Mr Beadon 16 Dec 1860.

108. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 17 Dec 1860. Lord Canning thinks that in Mr Lodwick's affair everyone seems to be in the wrong, with Lodwick and Sir George Clerk most to blame. Canning is not surprised that Lushington wishes to keep Lodwick in his post, but he must not become a source of irritation between the two Governments. Lodwick has been rebuked, yet seems unable to see where he is wrong. Clerk acted very unbecomingly and injudiciously in not stepping in between the Chief Justice and the Supreme Government. But Canning is coming gradually to the conclusion that Clerk is not born to act with, or under, anybody. Probably he does his best; but he seems to have an irresistible tendency to opposition. Canning was struck by a letter which Clerk sent on, from one of the Jamsetjee family offering to call a meeting on the Income Tax forms to help Clerk against the Government of India. The proposal seemed to Canning to be an insult to Clerk, but Clerk had not so considered it. It shows what some of the Bombay community think of their Governor's relations with Calcutta. Canning does not propose to take this up with Clerk.

109. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 20 Dec 1860. Canning has answered by telegraph about the reply to the message of the Legislative Council (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 858). He does not think that any point of principle will be sacrificed by giving the abstract of accounts which is Peacock's first request, and it will show a good spirit. Canning's letter on a supposed discussion of the Treaty by the Legislative Council turns out to have been useless; he is glad of this, for he mistakenly supposed that the debate was to take place a week later, and that the letter would reach Frere in time. Frere is right to refer the request of the Council to the Secretary of State, this will probably end the discussion pending settlement in England. It is not so much the Legislative Council's existing constitution as the ill-advised concession of publicity which is at the root of the trouble. Asks for further information from Frere. With reference to Sikkim, has little doubt that Campbell will have to be removed, but the measure might at present be misunderstood by the Sikkimites. He is not to continue to conduct affairs or negotiate. Canning is strongly against taking any of the country permanently; even if the step were justifiable, the time is very inopportune. Comments on the mania for clutching at every tempting bit of soil. Hopes to see the papers about Sikkim in 1850 before planning punitive action. Canning is at the foot of the Hills bordering Rewah.

110. Copy letter to C Beadon, 22 Dec 1860. Lord Canning has telegraphed a reply to Beadon's letter of 18 Dec (marked in margin Telegraph Messages Sent 860). He does not think any great good will come of the offer to show the papers confidentially to the members of the Legislative Council, and this may annoy outsiders. But it will show a conciliatory spirit on the part of Government so that Canning will be content with whatever decision Beadon and Frere reach. Hopes if the offer is made, it will be made openly. Beadon's remarks upon the Jhansi Despatch of Feb 1857 are quite just, Canning had forgotten the Despatch and it was nearly overlooked in the draft to the Secretary of State. There has been no time for an explanation from Davidson about the Nizam's signature. Shakespear, though not Canning, is hopeful of an arrangement with Holkar. Refers to Peacock's clause in the Small Cause Court Bill; would like to see this repealed, if the Council would in its present mood agree to do so. Discusses the indigo system in the North West Provinces, in Tirhoot and the area about Mirzapore and Benares. Only in Lower Bengal has the system failed to work, and the other planters are afraid of being classed with the Lower Bengal planters, and angry at the discredit brought upon their profession. Canning's first impression was that it was not worth refusing Jung Bahadoor permission to pass through British territory, because of some possible difficulty about supply; but he did not know that Bootan was intended, it is extraordinary that Jung Bahadoor should have made such a proposal. Dr Campbell writes as though he has lost his temper as well as his wits, and has been rebuked. Beadon will see what has been written officially about Sikkim. Canning cannot stand an annexation. It is quite time that the Government of India should show it can find some other punishment for weak offending states than annexation, even when their territory is tempting as that of Sikkim is, and even when the offence justifies it. It is a feeble, weak state; and if annexed, India would border upon an unruly part of Tibet. Canning does not want this. The best neighbours in India are either large countries which are strong and have a tangible responsibility, like Nepal, Cashmere and Kabul, or small weak ones like Bootan, Sikkim and the Lower Indus tribes, which act as buffer states. Canning has no wish to incur the affronts Nepal so often receives from Tibet, with no reprisals available short of a march on Lhasa. Wants to see the 1850 Sikkim papers before deciding on a policy; a march on Tumloong will probably be necessary. Canning will attend to the Lucknow case as soon as the papers arrive. Asks how Major Douglas and Patrick Stewart stood in the Department in relation to each other, before Stewart went home. Describes the pleasant appearance of the country, about 30 miles from Rewah. Describes his meeting with the large Sirdar, like a man in a pantomime, formerly known to Beadon and Canning.

111. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 23 Dec 1860. Canning sends a letter from Sir George Clerk (marked in margin: dated 24 Nov 1860) and an extract of a letter from Sir Charles Wood (marked in margin: 9 Nov 1860) about the Currency Bill. Has learnt from England that there were other dissentients from the Mysore Grant in the Indian Council than Sir H Montgomery, Colonel Durand is mentioned. Describes his journey does not expect to be in Jubbulpore before 10 Jan. Will do the Bhopal Begum all possible honour to. praises her. Wingfield reports some very good news, that a company of native capitalists is ready to undertake an unguaranteed railway between Cawnpore and Lucknow. Gives some details. Praises the countryside. The Mail cart over the Kutra Pass was delayed by a tiger and a wild boar fighting on the road. Wonders how the difference with the Legislative Council is going. No papers annexed.

112. Copy letter to C Beadon, 29 Dec 1860. Canning sends good wishes to Mr and Mrs Beadon. Beadon's letter about Carruthers came just as Canning was sending off the Resolution on the Lucknow Trials to Benares to be printed, the Governor General decided not to make any addition to the Resolution without a full report. The report could be published in the Gazette supplement. Canning is quite content with what has been done about the Mysore papers, though he does not think any principle would have been sacrificed by offering in the Council to give information out of Council. Papers on Sikkim with instructions for Eden the Envoy will go to Beadon, Eden may not like the job but he will do it well. Canning has received the Rewah Maharajah in Durbar by the Maharajah's request, in spite of his illness. Dr Abbott says he may live for another 2 or 3 years. Approves of Grant's Indigo Minute. It has become colder.

113. Copy letter to S Laing, 4 Jan 1861. Canning has only just learnt of Laing's departure from England, or else he would have written to Galle. This letter is delivered by the Governor General's Aide de Camp Major Bowie who will do his best to make Government House comfortable for the Laings. Canning's plans are at present uncertain, or he would have asked Laing to join him. Sir Bartle Frere knows the whole condition of the finances, and both he and Beadon will give all information and assistance possible. Hopes the peace between the Legislative Council and the Executive Government will be kept until the constitution is altered. Is puzzled by Wood's last letters on the Currency Bill. Welcomes Laing to India.

114. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 5 Jan 1861. Thanks Frere for dealing so promptly with the case of the Military Finance Commission and the Military Secretary's Office. Canning has long known that the working of the Military Secretary's Office was bad, and has had to notice this sharply in notes, and once he thinks in a Minute in 1860. He doubts whether there has been much improvement. General Birch is a good man in all that comes to him, but a bad enforcer of business ways in his subordinates. Atkinson is very intelligent and active in spurts, but unmethodical and slovenly. There will be little reorganization by Atkinson, for reform Birch must be looked to, backed by the Government. Comments on the matters Temple has brought up, the Bombay Cavalry, the increase of Punjab Force, the Bombay Infantry, the Alipore Regiment, Sketch Estimates. All these matters have not been brought, or not been fully brought, before the Military Finance Commission through the inefficiency or worse of the Military Secretary's Office. Comments on the letter about the two clerks, exception having been taken to the phrase 'I am directed to request' when the request did not come from the Governor General in Council. Canning does not see how this formula can be avoided without giving rise to pert replies; cites an example of a Minute from Sir W Mansfield to General Birch. Canning has read with surprise the article in the 'Friend of India' attacking the Military Secretary's Department as crippling the work of the Military Finance Commission. Obviously the article was founded on information from official sources, from the Commissioners themselves as they have no confidential subordinates. Asks Frere to make inquiries. Endorsed: Governor General to General Birch, dated 6 Jan 1861, Governor General 1835.

116. Copy letter to C Beadon, 7 Jan 1861. Canning asks why Beadon is not at Barrackpore. Though the year has opened badly, hopes for better things. Has sent a short Despatch to Sir C Wood on the Mysore Papers, supporting the answer to the Legislative Council, and giving reasons, and suggesting a reform of the Council. Asks if Beadon is going to write about the Council. Is glad to hear of the second compilation of Treaties, a list of the chiefs who will receive sunnuds assuring them of adoption would be a suitable addition. Believes Peacock's clause in the Small Cause Courts Act should be repealed, and the attempt to repeal it should be made even if defeated. Canning had written a Despatch on Indigo before Beadon's letter came, but he added a paragraph excepting such a law as Beadon suggests on contracts from the general head of Special Legislation which Canning condemns. Such a law would assimilate contracts for agricultural produce to other contracts. Canning is not however convinced that such a law is necessary because in the North West Provinces and probably in Madras, suits for breach of contract in Indigo matters are almost unknown. If it is not necessary it will be harmful, because it will keep alive in the minds of the planters the impression that theirs is a case for special legislation. They must learn to stand alone. The law might be necessary because it would be generally beneficial, according to Mr Boothby's statement, and because the vicious Indigo system of Lower Bengal has produced a tendency to fraudulent breaches of contract. When Canning wrote in the Despatch that he would defer his opinion on the law until he returned to Calcutta, he did not mean that nothing should be done in his absence, and will ask Beadon officially for opinions on the suggested law. Canning is glad Eden likes his Mission, asks what Beadon thinks of the instructions. Has not heard of any letter from Pat Stewart to Bowring; asks when O'Shaughnessy's retirement is expected. The Maharani Chunda's letter is puzzling; it must have been written before she heard from Ramsay of the invitation to meet her son in Calcutta. Bowie will be better able than anyone else to keep matters smooth in Calcutta, asks what is to be done when Duleep Sing goes up country. An officer is not necessary for his dignity's sake, it would be enough if Local Officers were instructed to be studiously civil to him. But it would be better if he was accompanied, Canning asks who would be suitable. Duleep Sing wants to go to the Hills, to shoot and hawk, Canning hopes he means the Cis Punjab Hills, otherwise he will not be allowed to go. There has been heavy rain. Erskine is in camp, the Governor General hopes to be at Jubbulpore on the 11th. Shakespear is aghast at the news that three Begums are on their way from Bhopal, the Secunder herself, her grandmother and daughter. Canning has no objection, but Shakespear has already got three British ladies in his little camp and fears he will be overwhelmed. Has heard that the Nana's real father and some female relation of Bajee Rao are accompanying Holkar's camp to Jubbulpore, and that one of them intends to claim succession to the Nana's estate (The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 8163). It seems hardly credible; but if true, Holkar shall have reason to remember it. There has been some tiger hunting, but Canning does not find a day spent up a tree helps with work. Intends an active tiger raid with Yule in the spring.

117. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 8 Jan 1861. Canning does not know if Sir C Wood intends Napier for Councillor for Madras, thinks the Council more likely. Napier may be told this in confidence when he reaches Calcutta. The Bombay newspapers speak of Sir P Melvill as a probable successor to Outram. Canning has never heard anything from Sir C Wood which makes this seem likely, and knows too little of Sir P Melvill to judge him. Canning does not think that Sir C Wood, who is one of the most insensitive public men he has ever come across, as well as one of the most provocative, would feel any personal unwillingness to send Durand. But Wood says that Durand might be an impediment to the military measures approved in England. Canning has just read the Currency papers, he does not know why Wood spoke so contemptuously of the one third: will be interested to see Frere's reply, but in this matter the orders from England must be followed. Approves of Frere's actions over the Syrian Christians. Has received some estimates of the expected Income Taxes, 65 lacs from Bombay (marked in margin: dated 1 Jan 1861) and 25 lacs from the North West Provinces. Asks what the estimated total is from Bengal. Sir G Clerk is pleased with the arrangement with Scindia. Notes on the Treaty are set out in Sir R Shakespear's report and the covering Despatch. Canning has sent a Despatch to Wood on Indigo, which is sure to be discussed when Parliament meets. Hopes Frere will write also. Canning has learnt from Wood that there is an Indigo party in his Council, not a very reasonable and dispassionate one. Frere may be able to make more of a defence of the planters and the Lower Bengal system than Canning felt able to do. Canning has asked Frere officially to consider the extension to contracts for agricultural produce of facilities of enforcement which have been given to contracts for service and works. (Marked in margin: dated 1 Jan 1861). Beadon is in favour of this, and others than Indigo planters desire it, but Canning is doubtful, especially as it might prevent planters being made Magistrates. Asks if Harington has mentioned the introduction into the Civil Procedure Bill of a clause prohibiting the sale of true ancestral property under decrees of Court for debts incurred after the date of the law, (marked in margin: Governor General, 1831). Lady Canning has gone in search of a tiger with Lady Campbell and the rest of the Staff. Endorsed: Sir G Clerk to Governor General, 1 Jan 1861; Telegraph Messages Sent 871; Telegraph Messages Received 1275; Mr Beadon to Governor General, 1 Jan 1861; Governor General, 1831.

118. Copy letter to S Laing, 11 Jan 1861. The Governor General congratulates Laing on taking his seat in Council. Frere has sent a letter from Wood which clears up all the obscure points about the Paper Currency Bill, hopes there is now no impediment to the Bill going forward. Canning discusses his future movements, hopes to pay a flying visit to Oudh, and be in Calcutta four weeks after Laing receives this letter. Does not think Laing need join the Camp. Hopes Laing and his wife are established in fair comfort at Government House.

119. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 11 Jan 1861. Canning explains that he is partly to blame for Wood's Despatch of 10 Oct on the Staff and Medical Department not being sent to the Military Finance Commission. He assumed that a duplicate would have been sent from England to the President in Council; General Birch is partly to blame. The shelving of Colonel Balfour's paper is a grave matter. These cases show that the Military Department does its work mechanically instead of intelligently; but Canning does not think they show an obstructive spirit. Canning will tell Frere shortly whether he will write anything official to the Secretary of State on amalgamation of staff. Has decided not to ask Laing to come up country, describes his plans. He could not ask Laing to dawk with horses through Rewah with any hope of escaping breakdowns or delay. Returns thanks for Frere's good wishes. Wishes Lady Frere's account of her husband's health had been better.

120. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 12 Jan 1861. Lord Canning sends a letter on the difficulty of the Income Tax forms (marked in margin: Mr Brown to Mr Grant, Collector of Malabar, dated 6 Dec 1860, paper not annexed). The agitation against the Tax among the Army officers in Lucknow was much greater than Wingfield's letter showed; the leading complainer was Brigadier General Sir R Walpole, who hinted he would write to his brother, on the Front Opposition Bench of the House of Commons, about it. Canning has just received a letter from Wingfield disclaiming on behalf of the officers of his Government the authorship, of an article in the 'Oudh Gazette' of 5 Jan on the Ramdyal Resolution Wingfield is undoubtedly angry. Canning will be glad if he can reach Lucknow. Mr Laing might like to read Brown's letter (marked in margin: dated 7 Jan 1861)

121. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 12 Jan 1861. Canning sends a letter from the Bishop (marked in margin: dated 1 Jan 1861) and a copy of his reply (marked in margin: dated 11 Jan 1861) on the relief of the famine stricken Districts. Wishes that any Committee formed should be as non-official as possible, partly because Governments should not be the solicitors of private charity, and partly because there is a tendency to believe that the whole affair is one for Government which has only to remit revenue to make everything all right. No papers annexed.

122. Copy letter to C Beadon, 13 Jan 1861. The Governor General writes that Beadon will probably know that Eden has asked for some further instruction (marked in margin: dated 4 Jan 1861), sends copy of the reply (marked in margin: dated 13 Jan 1861) and thinks it should remain informal at present. Canning did not know that there was any personal antagonism between Dr Campbell and the Dewan. Asks Beadon to show the Eden papers to the Lieutenant Governor Praises Jubbulpore, is about to hold two Durbars, and will move on the 22nd. No papers annexed.

123. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 15 Jan 1861. Canning has answered Devereux's letter, sends the reply to Frere and asks him to forward it (marked in margin: dated 14 Jan 1861, not annexed). He does not know how to say anything which will make what has been said more acceptable to Devereux. He is an old officer, and has served entirely in Non Regulation countries where native feelings and practices are most manifest; he has served for 10 years in Mysore, partly on judicial duties. All these are good reasons why Devereux should have known better; and yet his defence was in many ways objectionable. In this matter, and in everything concerning the Judicial Commissioner, Sir M Cubbon's offence was that he abstained from all exercise of authority. Sir C Wood has not yet considered the case, but wrote a sentence or two of indignation against Devereux and Cubbon when the order of dismissal first came out.

124. Copy letter to C Beadon, 15 Jan 1861. Canning writes that on the note he has received, he does not see why Major P Stewart should supersede Major Douglas. But if Stewart has anything to add, he should be heard.

125. Copy letter to C Beadon, 16 Jan 1861. The Governor General has sent two letters officially to the Foreign Department on the mode of correspondence with Eden, and the demand for a free passage through Sikkim. Thinks it better not to make the last point one of the items of punishment and atonement, partly for the reason officially given, and partly because Canning has the impression that Sikkim and Tibet have some agreement between themselves on passage to and fro between their respective territories with which, so far as Tibet is concerned, the Government has no right to interfere. Is against claiming Sikkim as a feudatory, does not know why this was not done in 1815, but now the Sikkimites are better neighbours than the Tibetans, who have given the Nepalese much trouble. Even if annexation increased the chance of trade with Tibet, Canning thinks such trade would for generations be of so little value as to be dearly purchased by the loss of the buffer state. Approves of the Commander in Chief's instructions to General Gawler, and of the General himself.

126. Copy letter to C Beadon, 16 Jan 1861. Canning sends a letter from Lord Elgin (not annexed, marked in margin: dated 6 Dec 1860) and asks Grey to ensure that the orders given earlier about the 'Feroze' do not interfere with Lord Elgin's plan of taking her to Suez. The reception of the Begum went off very well, she was moved to tears when the gift of Bairseah was announced to her. Shakespear's amazement as this sign of weakness was very amusing. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence nos. 8081, 8150 & 8173.

127. Copy letter to Sir B Frere, 24 Jan 1861. The Governor General hopes that Lady Frere has recovered, wishes she would remain permanently at Barrackpore, as neither Canning nor Lady Canning intend to use the house on their return. Describes his Tour movements, wishes to go to Lucknow to praise the Oudh Talookdars and to soothe the officers of the Commission. Hopes to return to Calcutta by 17 Feb. The affair at Jubbulpore was useful. Holkar is heartbroken as going away empty handed, but behaved sensibly in not asking for reward. The indiscretion of the India Office in publishing in extenso Canning's Despatch probably held him back (for both he and his Durbar have seen the Blue Book), but eventually he became so anxious to ask for a reward that Canning had to tell Shakespear to warn him against so doing. Praises the Begum. Territory will be exchanged with Holkar which will remove him from the south of the Nerbudda, as has been done with Scindia; and Canning also hopes the embarrassing Contingent question will be settled. In Nagpore there will be early reductions of local troops saving about a lac. Canning is sure the Saugor and Nerbudda Districts must be taken from the North West Provinces, where they are shamefully but unavoidably neglected, and added to Nagpore, making a great Central India Commissionership.

128. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 25 Jan 1861. Canning has not had time to write to Frere on Laing's Memorandum previously (marked in margin: Governor General. 1856) but has written to Laing (marked in margin dated: 25 Jan 1861). Believes the financial review in the memorandum to be unduly pessimistic. Agrees as to the process to be followed with the recommendations of the Military Finance Commission, which are at present reported in a very slapdash style. The Railway question is very alarming, Canning did not know that the Companies are likely to fail to obtain more money. If this is really true, plans must be made immediately to cut down the Railway programme, and concentrate on some stretches of line (discussed in some detail). Suggests that Dickens be consulted. Agrees with Laing on the necessity of reform of the Legislative machinery of India, but is dismayed that he thinks further taxation necessary, and asks for more details. Does not think that any reform of the Legislative Council would reconcile the public to further taxation, this is not what he intended by the proposed reforms of 1859. All he expected was a more contented condition of the Local Governments and a reasonable concession to the jealousies of the non-official community, and an act of grace to the native community. The Legislative Council, which was meant to be no more than the Governor General sitting round his Council table with half a dozen additional advisers to frame laws cannot be converted into a real representation of the taxpayers of India. Canning does not believe that anything beyond a very limited increase of taxation is safe, and would rather send home five more English Regiments, each Regiment costs India nearly £90,000 a year. Has sent the Pegu Resolution to the Camp Gazette.

129. Copy letter to S Laing, 25 Jan 1861. Canning believes that Laing's Minute is more pessimistic than reality will show, but it is safer to act as if the forecast were true. Agrees to the course proposed for Military reductions, and will dispose of the reductions as soon as they are sent up. Wishes that the practical suggestions only of the Military Finance Commission reached him. Canning did not know the Railway prospects were so bad. It will be necessary to concentrate work on certain lines, discusses this. Asks if, in speaking of new taxes, Laing has any particular taxes in mind. Agrees that a reform or prospect of a reform of the Legislative Council would make the process of passing tax laws easier, but the doubtful humour of the Council is not the chief difficulty in raising new taxes. A hundred miles or less from Calcutta the constitution of the Council and its temper are matters of complete indifference. No reform will make any new and general measure of taxation possible and safe. The people of Upper India are quite ignorant of the Legislative Council; and the influential natives of the old school, the fanatics, and the men of old family dislike and condemn everything coming from Calcutta. It is partly to meet this feeling, and to accommodate the Legislative Council to the habits and prejudices of the enormous majority of the people that Canning has proposed to establish the Supreme Legislative Council so as to be able to bring in on occasions the influential natives of the Upper Provinces. No quasi popular Legislative Council in Lower Bengal would be security for taxing the people at large. Will consult the Lieutenant Governor of the North West Provinces about a sugar duty, though the time is not opportune. Canning is leaving Rewah for Allahabad, Lucknow, and Calcutta.

130. Copy letter to C Beadon, 26 Jan 1861. The Governor General has received the papers about Goruckpore, and Edmonstone's proposal to de-regulationize it. Is not sure that he understands Frere's opinions. Asks Beadon if the Legislative Council would oppose de-regulationization. It would be very harmful for the Government to propose a change of executive administration and be beaten upon it.

131. Copy letter to C Beadon, 26 Jan 1861. Canning asks Beadon to pay attention to Duleep Sing, offer him assistance. The Maharajah apparently intends to come to India with no other attendants than servants, to go to a hotel in Calcutta, and to go to the Hills to shoot and hawk; he wishes to meet his mother also. Canning has told Sir C Wood that this is easily arranged, only the Hills to be visited must not be those which adjoin the Punjab. His travelling there is barred in the Despatch which was sent to England on the admissibility of his return to India. Canning is not sure that Duleep Sing knows there are any restrictions on his movements, it would be like India House not to tell him. He must be told; it should be impressed upon him that it is as much for his own comfort and dignity as for any other reason that he is kept from the Punjab. The Queen is anxious for him to be graciously received in India. Canning knows no more of the Maharani Chunda than is in Ramsay's official letter. Asks Beadon to telegraph the name of anyone suitable to accompany the Maharajah. Asks Beadon to ask the Lieutenant Governor the Chief Justice and the Bishop to call upon Duleep Sing. Endorsed: Governor General to Major Bowie, dated 26 Jan 1861.

132. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 27 Jan 1861. Sends a copy of Sir George Clerk's Minute on Sheodasaghur (not annexed) and asks if Frere has taken any action. Approves of the transfer of North Canara from Madras to Bombay, but does not think this should be done until Sir William Denison has had time to give an opinion. The other proposal, that 30,000 Rupees should be given for immediate expenditure on roads and convict labour supplied from Bombay, is tempting, but must be refused. Endorsed: Sir G Clerk to Governor General, dated 1 Jan 1861.

133. Copy letter to S Laing, 9 Feb 1861. Canning has returned the Paper Currency Minutes, and agreed to the changes. He will be in Calcutta on the 18th. Further measures of taxation can be discussed then.

135. Copy letter to S Laing, 13 Mar 1861. Canning replies to Laing's Minutes on Salt and Budgets. Canning has no doubt that the Licence Bill should be adhered to. He would take the scale of 1, 2, and 3 Rupees; or if there is any change, which he thinks is not necessary, the highest rate of 3 Rupees should not be increased. Canning is against altering the lower grades of the Income Tax by any provisions in the Licence Bill, or by any new provisions at all until the Income Tax itself is altered. Agrees with the principle of Budgets, but does not see how the system will work satisfactorily until there are Local Legislative Councils. Canning would not object to abandoning tobacco entirely to local taxation for local purposes, but doubts the policy of making the produce of any tax divisible in fixed proportions between local and imperial purposes. Wants further consideration upon the increase of the Salt Tax.

136. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 29 Mar 1861. Discusses Muir's letter about the proposed petition of the Civilians on their position and privileges. The petition would be best sent to the Secretary of State to present in the House of Commons. Sends a letter from Wingfield (not annexed).

137. Copy letter to S Laing, 5 Apr 1861. The Governor General considers Laing's explanation of his conduct in the transactions of the Great Western Canada Company satisfactory. Does not think the explanation can be published in the Gazette, but has no doubt that the public press would print it. Endorsed: Copy to Sir C Wood, 5 Apr 1861; Copy made by order, 11 Apr 1861.

138. Copy letter to Sir R Napier, 7 Apr 1861. Canning has carefully considered Napier's letter, though it had not previously occurred to him that Campbell should be retained in his post. Canning has not changed his opinion. Campbell has been 21 years at Darjeeling, in constant association with the Sikkim people, and always speaking with confidence of his knowledge of their character, temper and intentions. Yet Canning doubts whether a Government was ever more outrageously misled than the Government of India has been by Dr Campbell. His great experience and confidence led the Government to trust him, but the trust was entirely misplaced. Napier considers that the last 20 years and the Mutiny made a great change in the Sikkim people. Canning does not think so, and Campbell never alleged this in his defence. Dr Campbell's excuses have not made his case better. He has not made a manly confession of his error, but has expressed indignation of the unparalleled treachery with which he was met, and has claimed credit for a retreat which was in fact a disorderly flight. The parallel between Campbell and Admiral Hope, or Mr Bruce, is not accurate, for neither Hope nor Bruce has spent 20 years watching the Chinese. Canning believes that Bruce did not give advice about attacking the Forts. The Governor General had not heard that Dr Campbell was said to be too indulgent to the natives, and he would not have considered this a fault. But Campbell entirely misjudges them. Campbell's acts and language show that he has not got sound judgement, and that there is no hope of his acquiring it. He has been 35 years in the service, and spent 21 years in one post, which in the public interest should never be allowed. Private.

139. Copy letter to Sir R Napier, 8 Apr 1861. Canning has returned the memorandum from the Military Department on the appointment of a Private Secretary to the Military Member of Council. He will sanction the appointment temporarily for 6 months, to cover the business increase arising from the amalgamation of the armies, but at the end of 6 months the post must be reconsidered. Discusses in some detail the amount of work done by the Military Member. The case is not very similar to that of the Financial Member, because he arrives in India in entire ignorance of everything in India. Asks Napier to keep a memorandum of the work done by his temporary Private Secretary

141. Copy letter to S Laing, 28 Apr 1861. Lord Canning praises Laing's speech of 27 Apr. Asks Laing to embody the substance of his speech in a Despatch to England. In 1860 this was not done, to the embarrassment and annoyance of Charles Wood. Napier is preparing a Despatch on Army Reductions and future Army Establishment for the same Mail.

142. Copy letter to S Laing, 3 May 1861. The Governor General adds to his remarks of 2 May on Mr Drummond's paper regarding his salary and position. It is true that he is underpaid for the work he does, and in relation to other officers. But the time is not ripe for raising salaries. Reforms are in hand for the Accountant General's Office, asks Laing to look into the progress of the scheme. Savings from the reform of the Office could be added to the Accountant General's salary, to bring it to the level of a Sudder Judge, or Member of the Revenue Board (50,000 Rupees). The present salary of the Accountant General is 42,000 Rupees.

143. Copy letter to C Beadon, 8 Oct 1861. Canning hopes his letter will find Beadon refreshed at Galle. Napier is the autocrat, Rose, Frere and Canning are all about to leave Calcutta for Allahabad. Canning will go to Lucknow, return to Calcutta, and start on 12 or 13 Nov for Burma on the 'Feroze'. Napier cannot be made President in Council, because he will be the only Member of Council in Calcutta, so Canning is taking the Government with him. Napier will act in the meantime, but he cannot constitutionally do so. Beadon's arrival will be a great relief. Durand, Yule and Aitchison are the Secretariat for Allahabad. Grey will send Beadon some papers to read on deck. Baird Smith's last Report and a good paper by Mr Paterson Saunders (nominee of the Chamber of Commerce for inquiries on cotton) are informative about Permanent Settlement. A draft Resolution on Waste Land, and Land Revenue Redemption is also being sent to Beadon, and the Councils Act and Despatch and the old Standing Orders. Asks Beadon to consider the question of forms of procedure, which must be Committee forms and not Parliamentary forms. Committee procedure, and Reporters of the Government's choosing are absolutely necessary for the admission and utilization of native members. Does not know what to do about admission of the public to Council meetings, it would be easier if Canning did not know that his successor as Governor General would let them in with a rush before Canning was well out of the Hooghly. Lady Canning has gone to Darjeeling, but will join the Governor General at Allahabad. She went off determined to march into Sikkim. Canning hopes that Mrs Beadon is well, thanks the Beadons for going to see Canning's sister, who complained that she could not spend much time talking to the Beadons because Clanricarde, in his capacity of Indian Reformer, monopolized the conversation. The original letter is endorsed with a reference to the Private Secretary's correspondence no. 9388.

144. Copy letter to S Laing, 22 Jan 1862. Canning has read Laing's note with deep regret, but urges him to have no scruple in leaving Calcutta, he should not risk his health further. Canning will be very glad if Laing is able to return for the disposal of some of the chief financial questions eventually, but Laing must consider his health above all else. Perhaps when Laing returns he will find Barrackpore suits him better than Calcutta, if so everything will be made ready for him.

145. Copy letter to S Laing, 14 Feb 1862. The Governor General regrets that Laing is again unwell. Urges him not to trust too much to the comparative healthiness of the hot season. The question of the remission of taxes was considered after Council. Unfortunately in the North West Provinces and perhaps in the Punjab, the collection of the Licence Tax has begun. If so, and if it is abandoned, either the money collected must be returned, or else it must be promised that the next collection be abandoned. The second course is objectionable, because Canning's successor will then be in office. If collection is not far advanced, it may be easy to refund the money, Canning has telegraphed in cipher to the Heads of Government to learn their opinions (marked in margin: Telegraph Messages Sent 956). Canning has no objections on political grounds to an immediate abandonment of the tax, it must be made clear that it is surrendered from munificence, and that it is a just and an unobjectionable tax which could be re imposed if necessary. Entirely agrees that import duties should be reduced. There should be additions to Public Works expenditure, the Bombay Harbour defences probably costing not more than 15 lacs.

146. Copy letter to S Laing, 15 Feb 1862. Canning has found that collections under the Licence Tax have gone further than he thought. (Gives figures of amounts collected in Dec from Nagpore, Oudh, Bombay, Scind; and Madras collections in Jan, there are not yet returns from Bengal, the North West Provinces or the Punjab). This makes abandonment of the tax more embarrassing, though not impossible. Asks if there is any purpose in making the import duties an piece goods and yarns be reduced prospectively, as 5 months would elapse before any increase of stocks because of the reduction could reach the Indian markets.

147. Copy letter to S Laing, 16 Feb 1862. The Governor General has been considering a successor to Lushington; and has decided, though not with much satisfaction, to recommend Drummond to Lord Elgin. Discusses also the qualifications of Muir, Cust and Temple. Laing will now be able to put on paper the views of the Financial Department which he mentions in his note of the 11th. Drummond should not be told until both Canning and Laing have spoken to him, for both Drummond and Elgin will have to be warned. As to the salary of the Accountant, and Auditor General, Canning does not agree with Drummond's arguments or approve of the tone he has taken, but his claim to an increase is a good and substantial one. Asks whether Laing sees any reason for altering the present status and relations of the office. Edmonstone and Montgomery have answered the message about the Licence Tax. In the North West Provinces the collection has begun only in Benares and Ghazeepore, and there would be no difficulty in abandoning it. In the Punjab there would be no difficulty in giving up the tax, though Montgomery does not know how far it has gone. The replies from Madras and Bombay should come on 17 Feb if there are no objections Canning will prepare a Resolution setting forth the reasons for imposing and removing the tax, and a few words about the tax being just and liable to be re imposed if the interests of the state demand. Asks if Laing has thought of anything particularly fitting to be said in the Resolution. Returns Drummond's application (not annexed).

148. Copy letter to Sir H B Frere, 26 Feb 1862. Canning has read Frere's memorandum and note about the site of the Dalhousie Institute. Canning himself will do everything Frere wishes and suggests it would be very ungrateful if he hesitated. The note of 22 Feb (marked in margin: In Minute book number 23) will go no further, and in Council Canning will barely touch upon the point of the Government House buildings. But he cannot promise to agree to the proposed course as to the official communication to Bengal. Canning meant to tell the plain facts, to rescue the Governor General in Council from the extraordinary position in which he has been placed, which must be quite clear to the Lieutenant Governor. He does not think Frere's proposal would make the matter clear certainly it would not do so without the further paragraph that the arguments in favour of the Tank Square site are not to be considered as indicating the opinion of the Governor General in Council. Discusses the Report of the General Committee does not agree that the alternative site was excluded from the application made. The letter from the Secretary to Government of India stating, incorrectly, that the Governor General in Council agreed to leave the decision as to the Tank Square site to the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal should be repudiated. Cannot understand how men so acute and so high minded as Beadon and Grey could fail to see the humiliating position in which the Government of India was placing itself. Endorsed: Miscellaneous 942; Governor General's Minute dated 22 Feb 1862, number 22.

149. Copy letter to S Laing, 28 Feb 1862. Canning has read the draft Minute on the organisation of the Finance Department. He agrees with all the leading points of principle and with most of the details. The gradation of classes will require careful consideration. Demurs at the use of the term Finance Minister, which is misleading as the Governor General in Council has the responsibility in India. Financial Member is acceptable. Drummond might be shown the general principles of the reform scheme, and asked if he feels he could do justice to his charge and satisfy the Government if he were made Financial Secretary

150. Copy letter to W Ritchie, 1 Mar 1862. Canning is gratified that the Senate of the University wishes Canning to preside at the animal meeting for conferring degrees. Asks Ritchie to thank the Senate and to express Canning's regret that he is unable to accept, as he is on the point of leaving India and has not a moment to spare. Approves of the names suggested for the Senate, except for the Principal of Benares College, Mr Griffith, because Canning does not approve of the appointment of members who cannot possibly take part in the proceedings of the body to which they are appointed. It is true that Canning has waived this objection in the case of the Director of Public Instruction in the North West Provinces, but the cases are not the same. Believes Mr Cowie should be appointed to the Faculty of Law. Thinks Colonel Durand the fittest to act in place of Colonel Baird Smith. The appointments should be notified formally.