Mss Eur Mack Private 13

p. i: Collections on Java Statistics Revenues & Improvements.

pp. iii-iv: Table of Contents. pp. 1-10 are blank.

1. pp. 11-25: Extract from a Treatise of S. C. Nederburgh, in reply to the Question whether, and how far, it would be useful and necessary to put the Dutch East-India Company's possessions on the same footing as the West India Colonies. Translated from the Dutch Printed at [The Hague] September 1802. A plea (directed against 44. 1 infra) for the conservation of the old Javanese feudal land system, which it describes sympathetically, deprecating any radical change in the system of tenure, on the grounds of the opposition it would arouse, its hardship on the native chiefs, the enormous expense of replacing them by salaried officials, and especially the innate laziness of the natives, who (it is suggested) would not work under a free system. Presumably translated from the author's Verhandeling over de vrangen: of, en in hoe verre, het nuttig en noodzakelijk zijn zoude, de O. I. bezittingen van deezen Staat, ofte sommigen derzeelven, te brengen op den voet der W. I volkplantingen, &c. &c., 1801, a work to which I have not had access. I extract the title from a footnote in J. A. Sillem, Dirk van Hogendorp (1761-1822), Amsterdam, 1890, p. 103, where it is unfavourably criticised, particularly for its unfair reference to the system of government and land administration of Bengal. The Catalogus der K oloniale Bibliotheek van, het Kon. Instituut voor de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde van Ned.-Indie gives 1802 as the date of the publication. The author was Commissary-General in the Dutch possessions in the East (see 7. 3 supra). 44. 3 infra is another copy of this extract.

2, pp. 31-68 : The Hague, 9 February 1807. Secret Instructions of the King of Holland to the Governor General & Council of India 1807 with Marshal Daendels’s Remarks on the same Translated from the Dutch. Comprising:- (a) pp. 33-45 : Translation of the Original Instructions of the King of Holland to Marshal Daendels Governor Generall & the Council of India, with Marshal Daendels's Remarks on each Article. 25 arts. (b) pp. 47-68 : Instructions for, the Governor General of the Asiatic Colonies & Possessions of His M ajestry the King of Holland. 37 arts. mostly (like those in (a) supra) furnished with Daendels' remarks thereon. The Dutch originals of Instructions (a) and (b), but without the remarks, are printed in Daendels' Staat der Ned. Oostind. Bezittingen, &c. (1814), Bijlagen, 1(e) Stuk, Organique Stukken; Preparatoire Mesures Nos. 1,2.

3, pp. 75-9 : Batavia, 19 June 1811. Letter from Governor General J. U. Janssens to Mess(rs) Muntinghe, Thalman, Bauer, Larcinty and de Panat, appointing them to be a committee to investigate and report on the state of the finances of the Government of Java, and containing a number of specific interrogatories on the subject for the committee to answer. Copy. Presumably translated from the Dutch.

4, pp, 87-123: On the Paper Currency of Java. A preliminary report, by the committee appointed under 3 supra, on this branch of their investigations. Undated, but evidently written in the summer of 1811, not very long after 3 supra. Copy. Presumably translated from the Dutch.

5, pp. 139-64: Molenvliet, 27 January 1812. Statistic Menoir by Mr. [W. M.] Jeuchenius. Copy. Translated from the French by L. R. Burke. The sub-titles are :- (a) pp. 139-40: Introduction. A covering letter containing some general observations on the value of statistical and scientific enquiries, and enclosing the following papers. (b) pp. 141-2: Of the word Landdrost. Etymological and historical observations on the word and the office. (c) pp. 143-7: Of the Character of the Javanese. With remarks on the Javanese social system, customs, ideas, &c. (d) pp. 149-52: Of the Antiquity & of the Origin of Java. Historical speculations of no great value. (e) pp. 153-64: Reply to the Seven Questions concerning the Population & number of Inhabitants of Java. A dissertation on the area and population of Java and the various causes, moral and economic, which affect the increase (and vigour) of population in general.

6, pp. 171-90: Sourabaya [=Surabaya], 8 March 1812. Copy of a translation of a letter from P. A. Goldbach on (a) the proposed creation of a native bodyguard, (b) the sale of lands, to Europeans and others, for cultivation, with consequential compensation to the native interests affected, particularly the cultivators and the Regents, and suggestions as to the manner of sale proposed, and (c) the system of public markets. Addressed to T. S. Raffles. Translated, presumably from the Dutch.

7, pp. 195-428: Report on Java and its dependencies in the form of a letter from T. S. Raffles, Lieut(t) Gov(r) of Java, to Lord Minto, Governor-General of India. Copy. Undated, but evidently written in the first half of 1812. A highly interesting paper on the condition of things in Java and its dependencies at that time. After giving reasons for the delay in sending in a full report and making a handsome acknowledgment of the services of the Dutch officials serving under him, with special reference to H. W. Muntinghe (as to whom see Encycl. Ned.-Ind., S.V. Muntinghe), Raffles proceeds to deal at length and in detail with the subject. I , subjoin the sub-headings and the principal contents : pp. 206-19- Batavia: historical sketch of the administrative system there centred; the judicature; local revenues ; pp. 219-39- Batavian Environs: historical sketch of their administrative and judicial system, with the recent modifications introduced by the British; local revenues ; pp. 239-70-Bantam : history, with special reference to the causes of the disturbances of 1808 and subsequent events, and recommendations for the settlement of that state ; judicial system ; revenue ; the Lampong districts of Sumatra ; pp. 273-81- Jaccatra [=Jakatra] and Preanger Regencies : the regencies and the native chiefs ; European establishment ; recent changes in the revenue , system ; coffee cultivation ; diminuation of public burdens ; pp. 282-93-Cheribon [=Chirĕbon]: products; the reigning family ; system of forced delivery of produce; disturbances and new regulations ; European establishment ; district of Crawang [= Krawang] ; reasons for its recent establishment as a separate landdrostship ; profect of a new road through Krawang to Batavia ; pp. 293-332-Eastern Districts : their great productivity ; nature of the products ; historical basis of the system of forced delivery of produce explained by an historical sketch of the country and the native courts ; Dutch rights over the annexed districts ; native service tenures ; contracts for forced delivery of produce ; European establishment under a separate Governor for N.E. Java; judicature and other departments at Samarang [=Sĕmarang] and Sourabaya [=Surabaya] ; extensive powers of the Governor ; Marshal Daendels' alterations criticised in detail, many of them severely condemned others highly commmended (“a much more regular, active, pure, and efficient administration was established on this Island by Marshall Daendels, than ever existed before in any period of the Dutch Company”); Madura, its native chiefs and their dependent relation to Government ; reference to a paper by Crawfurd on the nature and resources of the Sultan's country [=Jokyakarta] [probably 21. 4 infra] ; pp. 333-428-Dependencies of Java ; pp. 333-71-[Borneo] : historical sketch of Banjar Massing [=Banjermasin] from 1700 ; articles of produce ; relations of the Dutch with the natives and the chiefs ; character of the natives' (Muhammadans and Dayaks) and the chiefs; topography ; revenues ; pepper ; appointment of Alexander Hare as Resident ; pp. 371-92-Celebes : reasons for re-occupying Macassar ; transcript of Captain Phlips' report on the native states of Boni, Goa [=Gowa]" &c., and their relations with the Government ; expenditure in 1807-8 and 1810 ; pp. 393-8-Dependencies of Celebes : Bima (on Sumbawa), Copang [=Kupang] (on Timor), with some remarks on the recent administrative changes in the Moluccas ; pp. 398-427: Piracy and Slavery in the Eastern Islands generally: regulation of the external trade of the Archipelago through Java, together with local regulation of the local trade ; increase of piracy ; measures proposed for its suppression, viz., the establishment , of a colonial marine force of twelve gun boats, &c., and the destruction of the chief piratical states, especially Sambas ; observations on the undesirf1bility of unrestricted ' external ' commerce in the Archipelago; protection of native trade ; slavery ; restrictions put upon it ; Macassar, the centre of the slave trade ; difficulty of suppressing it ; sources of slavery (war, crime, debt). On Hare's proceedings in Borneo see Bijdr. tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde v. N.I. (1860), Nieuwe Volgr., 3e Deel, pp. 1-25 and the authorities there cited; also ibid. (1898), 6(e) Volgr., 5(e) Deel (Deel XLIX), pp. 1 seqq., and Raffles 12. 32.

8, pp. 431-5: Sourabaya [=Surabaya], 23 May 1812. Letter from Mr [P. A.] Goldbach Landdrost of the East Hoek of Java under the late Goverrlment to Lieut(t) Colonel C. Mackenzie. . . . Suggestions & Notices on the Present State & Proposed Improvement of the Resources, Revenues & Condition of Java. Copy. Mainly considerations on the precautions to be taken in modifying the system of land tenure. Translated. from the Dutch, with a French postscript of which an English version is annexed.

9, pp. 443-8: Samarang [=Sĕmarang], 9 March 1812. Report of Mr [H.] Hope on the Retail System in the East Point of Java. Copy. Commends the system of retailing out of the Government stores certain products (e.g., rice, coffee, sugar, &c.) and giving them as allowances in kind in payment for labour; and opposes the sale of Government coffee plantations. The writer was at this time Civil Commissioner in charge of the Eastern part of Java. The report is addressed to T. S. Raffles.

10, pp. 449-57: Batavia, 27 May 1812. Copy. Letter from H. W. Muntinghe to T. S. Raffles, Lieut(t)-Gov(r) of Java, containing considerations on the question of continuing the monopoly system (especially as regards coffee) with proposals to be adopted in the event of its being superseded by a system of free trade and free cultivation, being a reply on a reference to the writer made by the Lieut(t)-Gov(r) on the Subjects dealt with in 9 supra. On the author, see Encycl. v. N.l., s.v. Muntinghe. 11, pp. 459-70: Queries addressed to Dr [Thomas] Horsfield by Colonel Mackenzie with the Answers On the Culture & Division of Lands in Java June 1812. Copy. On the system of land tenure and administration of the Native States of Java, with an account of the native official hierarchy, their powers in relation to the people, taxation, &c. For the most part only the answers are given, without the questions.

12, pp. 475-80 : Samarang [=Sĕmarang], 31 July 1812. Copy. Letter from D. Christiani to T. S. Raffles: Lieut(t)-Gov(r) of Java, giving his opinions on the subjects dealt with in 9 and 10 supra, on a reference to him by the Lieut(t)-Gov(t).

13, pp. 491-6: Statistics, Java-Notices of the arrangement of the native administration or Government & Magistracy of Java as Continued under the Dutch Government from ancient times. August 1812, from the kiai Di Patty [=Kyahi Adipati] of Damak [=Dĕmak]. The subjects dealt with are indicated by the sub-headings, which are as follows :- I. Gradations of Title & Rank: First Officers of , Government; Provincial Officers & Magistrates; District Officers; Village Officers. II. Regents. III. Of the Land & mode of occupying them in the East of Java, from Enquiries at Samarang [=Sĕmarang] & Damak [ = Dĕmak] ; Landmarks ; Mode of fixing the Chatchiah [=chachah] or Standard Measure. Presumably translated from the Javanese and substantially identical with 82. 31 infra. The author may be the same person as the one referred to in 74. 5 infra, q.v.

14, pp. 503-14 : Statistic Memoir, on Java-Reply to certain , Queries proposed by Lieut(t) Col(l) Mackenzie relative to the tenure of Lands, right of possession, services &c prepared by Colonel Mackenzie for Brigadier Von Winkelman Sept(r) 1812. The queries are contained in 15 infra. Translated from the Dutch of 16 infra. Presumably the reply is by the Brigadier, whose proper name was, apparently, von Winckelmann.

15, pp. 515-24 : Vraaagen. Queries. Being in Dutch and English, the 31 queries in reply to which 16 infra was written. They form a comprehensive set of interrogatories on the Javanese land system, the powers of the native chiefs over the people and the whole administrative system on its native side.

16, pp. 527-38 : Beantwoording van einige vraagen raakende de regten van possessie. &(a) onder de Javaanen. The Dutch original of 14 supra.

17, pp. 539-69 : Secret & Confidential Memoir on The Progress of Reform & Improvement of the Oriental Possessions & Colonies of the Dutch East India Company from the End of the American War in 1783 till the Establishment of the French Govenment in Java in 1810. In answer to Queries proposed on the subject by Lieut(t) Colonel Mackenzie with a View of illustrating the several Plans & Reports on the State of Java under the British Government in 1812. Copy. (a) pp. 541-2 : Goonong Sarie [=Gunung Sari], 28 April [1813]. Letter from Lieut(t)-Col(l) Colin Mackenzie to H. W. Muntinghe with reference to (b) infra. Mackenzie also expresses a desire to hand over to Muntinghe all his statistic papers and tables for the sake of preservation, adding “ & I doubt whether they would be so safely deposited in any other way as under your inspection.” (b) pp. 543-4 : Memorandum of Queries addressed [by Lieut(t) Col(l) Mackenzie] to Mr [H. W.] Muntinghe. These queries are answered in (c) infra, q.v. (c) pp. 545-69: Lanhoff, near Batavia, 16 July 1813. Memoir [by H. W. Muntinghe in reply to (b) supra]. The chief subjects dealt with are in answer to the following queries :- (1) State of Holland's India at the end of the war 1783 or the American Revolutionary War - Causes of the decline of the Company's affairs - State of the Colonies then - effects of that war on the Company's affairs. (2) Commissaries sent to India in 1784 – Military - their objects – reports - & what was done in consequence. (3) Commission & report of Mr Nederburgh, Mr Vaillant, &c., in 1793-95 - the object of their Commissions-results. (4) State of the Netherlands Indian Administration & Colonies in 1793 at the breaking out of the war with France & the measures taken in consequence, & on the revolution in 1798 - Consequences of that war to the Company's affairs - Public Credit. (5) Representations of Mr van Hogendorp in 1799-1800 Effects - Fleet sent out to India under Admiral Hartsink 1804. [See 44. 1 infra.] (6) Commissions & Reports on the Jaccatra [=Jakatra], Preanger & Cheribon Provinces - & measures taken in consequence - Coffee Culture increased - Free Trade proposed, &c. - Trade with America & the Neutral Nations. (7) Secret Committee at the Hague on India affairs - their Proceedings – Report - (31 Augt 1803) - Measures in consequence. (8) Correspondence with India on these subjects [giving the opinions of Siberg, Van Overstraaten, Van Ysseldyk and Nicholas Engelhard on Van Rogendorp's contentions: on this paint see De Jonge, De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch Gezag in Oostt-Indië (l888), Deel XIII, pp. 39-112], &c. (There are slight verbal variations in these queries as between (b) and (c). I have in the main followed the former version.) Mackenzie, who left Batavia 18 July 1813, adds a footnote that the memoir was communicated to him by Mr Muntinghe personally at their last conference and " was intended for information on the situation & proposed amelioration of Java had the Island remained with the British Government."