Mss Eur Mack Private 21

p. i: Java Collection - Political, Statistical & Historical - Country of the Sultan of Djocjacarta [=Jokyakarta] - 1811 to [1813] - and the Cessions to the British Government in 1812.

pp. iii-iv: Table of Contents.

1, pp. vii-viii: Souracarta [=Surakarta], 11 December 1749. Translation-Act of Cession and transfer, of the Province of Mataram by the Soesoehoenan Pacoeboena [=Susuhunan Pakubuwana] &c. &c. made over to the Governor Van Hoogendorp in behalf of the Dutch East India Company. Translated (not quite literally) from the Dutch. The Susuhunan cedes his sovereign rights to the Company, with power to Governor-General Baron van Imhoff to exercise them in the future, and abdicates irrevocably. The Dutch original is printed in De Jonge, De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch Gezag in Oost-Indië (1878), X(e) Deel, pp. 159-60. pp. 1-24 are blank.

2, pp. 25-37 : Memoir of Mr Van den Berg dated 11th August 1803 [on the Court & Politics of the Sultan of Djocjacarta [=Jokyakarta] in 1803]. Copy. The author was presumably J. O. van den Berg, Resident, Jokyakarta (1799-16 August 1803) and this report was intended for the information of his successor, M. Waterloo. It is a critical account of the leading personalities of the Court of Jokyakarta at this period. pp. 25-6 : The Sultan [Hamĕngkubuwana the Second, nicknamed Sĕpuh, "the old one "], " a man capricious, proud and arbitrary," but also "a man who harbours no reentments" [a judgment not confirmed by subsequent events] ; pp. 26-7 : The Hereditary Prince, who " takes no share in public affairs - In these His Father will not tolerate the slightest “interference," though " he gives Him frequently an opportunity of expressing His opinion of His actions, which, He often condemns" ; p. 27 : Pangeram Mungkabumie [=Pangeran Mangkubumi], full brother of the Hereditary Prince ; p. 28 : Mungkoo Deningrat [=Mangku Deningrat] half-brother ; pp. 28-30 : Noto Kussumo [=Nata Kusuma], brother of the Sultan ; pp. 30-1 : Panngeram Ngbie [=Pangeran Ngabehi] ; pp. 31-2 : The First Minister Duno Regio [=Danurĕja] ; pp. 32-6 : Other high officials ; pp. 36-7 : Mode of Carrying on Business : the Resident complains of the difficulty of getting into personal contact with the Sultan and ministers. Evidently translated from the Dutch, the original being probably in the archives of the Residency, Jokyakarta. The translation is a copy of a copy certified by John Crawfurd, Resident, and dated 7 December 1811.

3, pp. 41-50 : Djocjocarta [=Jokyakarta], 6 December 1811. State of the Court of Djocjacarta [=Jokyakarta] by Mr Craufurd [=John Crawfurd]. Copy. A report on the same lines as 2 supra, but mentioning a greater number of persons, though somewhat concisely. The Sultan had in the meantime been deposed by Governor-General Daendels (31 December 1810). "Since then, His conduct has altered, and finding the bad effects of his tyranny, He has been at great pains to conciliate the good will of the People, in which He has been very successful with that simple race, and they would now be happy to see Him restored." He did in fact reascend the throne 28 December 1811. For a sketch of the events leading up to the deposition of the Sultan, see Collet, L'Ile de Java sous la Domination Française, pp. 343-52, and cf. Raffles, History of Java (1817), Vol. 11, p. 229.

4, pp. 61-151 : Sultan's Country by Mr Crawfurd in 1812, Observations on the Nature and Resources of the Territories under the authority of the Sultan of Mataram. Copy. The sub-headings are :-pp. 61-4 : Climate and general appearance of the Country [including extent of territory, seasonal changes, &c.] ; pp. 64-6 : Agriculture and Husbandry ; pp. 66-71 : Sawa [=sawah, wet rice-fields] ; p. 71 : Tigal [=tegal, high and usually dry rice-fields] ; pp. 71-3 : Mountain Rice (Gogo) [=gaga] ; pp. 73-4 : Indian Corn (JagCon) [=jagung] ; pp-74-5 : Potatoes ; p. 75 : Peas and Vetches ; pp. 76-7 : Wheat ; pp. 77-80 : Sugar Cane (Tibooh) [=tebu] ; pp. 80-3 : Tobacco ; pp. 83-5 : Cotton (Kapas) ; pp. 85-6: Indigo (Neela) [=nila] ; pp. 86-8 : Cattle ; p. 88 : Bullock ; pp. 88-91 : Buffaloe ; pp. 91-105 : Manufactures and Trade [including remarks on roads and rivers, cloth-weaving, and openings for Indian and British cotton goods] ; pp. 105-6: Salt [minor industries being too trifling to be worth mentioning, even workers in gold, silver and iron being monopolized by the chiefs] ; pp. 106-15 : Government & State of Society [unlimited despotism, ministers, religion, wine-drinking, &c.] ; p. 115 : Pubic Revenues : Land Revenues ; pp. 115-28 : Land Rent (Pajak) [with a criticism of the whole system of tenure of land] ; pp. 128-30 : Puckoomplein [a second tax upon agriculture: "the meaning of the word in Javanese is the tax of the door or window"] ; pp. 130-2 : Kreegajie [=kĕrig-aji, krigaji, i.e., a tax in lieu of forced labour under feudal tenure] ; pp. 132-5 : Custom house Duties [e.g., on gambier, beeswax and benzoin] ; pp. 136-7 : Opium ; pp. 137-8 : Edible Birds' Nests ; p.138 : Teak Wood; pp. 139-45 have no separate sub-heading, but contain an estimate of the Sultan’s revenue, the total revenue and resources of the country, a criticism of the defects of the land system, and suggestions for its improvement by granting greater security of tenure to the cultivators ; pp. 145-51 : Population [with remarks on wages, marriage, divorce, &c.].

5, pp. 165-203 : Report upon the District of Pachitan. According to the Table of Contents this was written by John Crawfurd in 1812 or 1813. Copy made from a copy certified by H. Hope. Divided into sections (I-X) with sub-headings and numbered subsections, some of which have marginal titles. The section headings are :-I, p.165 : General description of the Country ; II, pp. 165-8 : Agriculture [with remarks on irrigation, mountain rice, castor-oil plant, tobacco, indigo, pepper, and low-land rice]; III, pp. 169-70 : Population [also marriage, climate, public health, abundance of necessaries, rate of wages, and cattle] ; IV, pp. 170-82 : Nature of landed tenures and administration of the land rent [a description of the system of tenure, with an account of the village officials and cultivators, the division and measurement of land, and the temporary settlement of the land-revenue made by the author] ; V, pp. 182-90 : Police and administration of Justice [conaiderations on the character of the Javanese, the extent to which Muhammadan law prevails among them, procedure (evidence, oaths, ordeals), retaliation (commutable by money payment), debtors, punishments, constitution of courts of justice, police, changes made by the author] ; VI, pp. 190-5 : Commerce [including a description of the coast of the bay of Pachitan, the valley, rivers, facilities for navigation, salt manufacture, fishing, cattle, &c.] ; VII, pp. 195-6 : Teak Wood ; VIII, p. 196 : Mineral Coal (called ambar by the Javanese) ; IX, pp. 196-7 : Cotton ; X, pp. 197-8 : Conclusion [on the commercial advantages of the district of Pachitan]. The following Appendices are annexed :-No. 1, pp. 198-9 : Translation of a Nawolo [=nawala] or Peyagam [=piyagam, royal letter of investiture and grant of rank and lands ; in this case a grant by the Sultan of Jokyakarta of the rank of Bopati [=bupati] and 1,000 chachah gawe ning wong to one Sumo [?] Deneengrat]. Translation certified by J. Crawfurd. No. 2, pp. 201-3 : Tables headed Land Measure, Long Measure, Corn Measure, and able of the price of Provisions at Pachitan. Also a Postscript [mentioning the discovery of a second bed of coal]. Another copy (with additions) is Raffles 2. 9, q.v.

6, pp. , 207-10 : Memorandurn on Padjietan [=Pachitan]. (a) Djojacarta [=Jokyakarta], 14 July 1812. Copy. Letter from Lieut.-Colonel Mackenzie to Major D. H. Dalton, asking for information on the district of Padjitan [=Pachitan] particularly with reference to the harbours, navigation, facility of landing troops, &c., roads and travelling conveniences along the coast and to Solo, surf along the coast, &c. (b) Padjietan [=Pachitan], 12 August 1812. Copy. Extract from Major Dalton's reply, giving information on these points, together with some descriptive details of local interest.

7, pp. 215-66 : Remarks on the nature and Condition of landed tenures under the Native Government of Java with some suggestions for the improvement of the Land Revenue in the territories of the European power. Copy. The Table of Contents attributes the authorship of this paper to Mr [John] Crawfurd. A marginal note in pencil dates it 17 May 1813. Contains a fairly full account of the land system, with appendices. (a) Contents of the paper itself :-pp. 215-21 : Explanation of the terms sawah, tegal [=tĕgal], jung, chachah, &c.; pp. 221-5: Condition of the cultivating occupiers, their taxes, rent and rights ; pp. 225-31 : The village headmen and local chiefs, bakal [= bĕkĕl], damang [=dĕmang], their dues and liabilities ; pp. 231-2 : Supreme ownership vested in the sovereign ; pp. 232-7: Feudal investitures in favour of the official hierarchy, a nobility which is not hereditary ; pp. 237-41 : Fertility of the soil, abundance of provisions, improvidence and indolence of the natives, their indifference to money, explanation of the high rate of wages ; pp. 241-3 : No forced cultivation under the native governments, advantages of the system of parcelling out lands among different chiefs, influence of the chiefs on cultivation ; pp. 243-9 : Suggestions for improvement, in the way of giving greater security of tenure by granting short leases to the bakals (not on the Bengal system), subject to a money rent, with a proviso that they should be obliged to grant leases to the cultivators at such rents as they might think proper ; p. 249 : Such security would tend eventually to an increase in the rent revenue ; pp. 249-51 : Muhammadan law has no influence on the transmission of landed property in Java, undue subdivision should be prohibited, the lung being taken as a minimum ; p. 251 : The natives are unfit to be placed in positions of trust, all such positions should be held by British servants of Government, and the revenue and judicial administrations should be in separate hands. Annexed are the following :- (b) (pp. 253-4) : No. 1. Translation of a Nawolo [=nawala] for the central Districts. Royal letter from the Sultan to one Saliken constituting him a Tumungung [=tumĕnggung] Miji and granting divers lands. A. Jav. 1731 [=A.D. 1804-5]. (c) (pp. 254-5) : No. 2. Translation of a Nawolo [=nawala] for the Monchonagoro [=Manchandgara] or Eastern Districts. Royal letter from the Sultan to one Rongo Prawiro Dirajo [=Rongga Prawira Diraja] creating him a Bopati [=bupati] to be chief of the Bopatis in Monchonagoro and granting lands in Madiyon [=Madiun]. A. Jav. 1728 [=A.D. 1801-2]. (d) (pp. 256-66) : Note. pp. 256-8 : Influence of Muhammadan law in Java ; native compilations in pegon (Javanese mixed with Arabic technical terms and written in the Arabic character) ; undang-undang (collections of local customs and common law made to the order of princes) ; relation of this customary law to the Muhammadan law ; discretionary power vested in the sovereign of adapting the latter to local circumstances ; p. 259 : Early Javanese works on Jurisprudence, e.g., those of Qugul Mudo [=Jugul Muda] Pat eh, Kojo-Copo-Copo [=Raja Kapa-Kapa] and the compilation made by the Sultan of Damak [=Dĕmak], entitled Suryo [=Surya] Alam ; pp. 260-6 : Extracts from the penal provisions of the latter ; p. 266 : Functions of the Pangulu and Jakso [=jaksa], native officials. [For the references to early Javanese law, cf. Raffles, History of Java (1817), Vol. I, p. 280, and Encycl. v. N.-I., s.v. Inlandsche Wetten.]

8, pp. 271-310 : Djocjocarta [=Jokyokarta], 15 November 1812. Report upon the District of Cadoe [=Kedu] by Mr [John] Crawfurd. Copy. pp. 271-3 : Boundaries, situation, climate, fertility of soil, water supply; pp; 273-9: Agriculture, irrigated and unirrigated lands, swamp rice cultivation, tobacco cultivation, mountain rice, wheat, potatoes, cabbages, &c. ; pp. 279-83 : Markets, dues, tolls, bad methods of collecting these imposts, suggestions for improvement ; pp. 283-4 : Absence of good roads, use of packhorses and carriers ; pp. 285-7 : Articles of export trade, tobacco,cotton piece goods, rice, peanut oil ; pp. 287-9 : Articles of import trade, iron, gambier, broad cloth, cotton goods, prospects of increase in import of European goods ; pp. 289-300 : Land system, its temporary settlement by the author, position of the village officials, bikals [= bĕkĕl], demangs [=dĕmang], arguments in favour of abolishing the latter and granting short leases to the former, account of local enquiries preliminary to the settlement, discussion of statistical tables annexed [not in this volume] relating to tenure, cultivated area, number of cattle and ploughs, number of households, children and total population, rents paid, and other services rendered ; pp. 300-5 : Chinese as demangs, evil results of allowing them to fill that position, not to be permitted in future ; settlement of the rent payable by the demangs and bikalsj consolidation of all the land taxes into one, and commutation of payments in kind and labour services into money ; pp. 305-7 : The settlement made was a compromise, not a radical change, and readily accepted ; p. 307 : Suggested compensation for displaced demangs ; pp. 307-8 : Other native officials, native police, suggestions for improving the latter and determining their functions, probable cost of the scheme.

9, pp. 323-44: Puddangan [=Padangan], 1 April 1813. Report on Djiepan [=Jipang] by Mr [G. R.] Pemberton, Resident. Copy. pp. 323-5 : Boundaries, district of Pannolan [=Panolan], its forest country, sterility of soil, timber trade lately prohibited, consequent decline of population, exports and imports, cloth manufacture; pp. 325-30 : District of Puddangan [=Padangan], its greater fertility and population, tobacco c.ultivation, imports, petroleum spring, town ; pp. 330-7: District of Radjiewasse [?], its barrenness partly due to misgovernment under native rule, facilities for irrigation, emigration of the population, products, imports ; pp. 337-8 : Sekarrun [=Sekaran], its situation, fertility, products, exports, imports ; pp. 338-9 : District of Wonnoseroyo [= Wanaseraya ?], formerly called Doorie [=Duri ?] ; pp. 339-41 : District of Bowrenno [=Bowerno], its relative prosperity, town, products, exports, imports ; pp. 341-4 : Cloth manufacture, absence of roads, capitation tax, "ear" tax, number of Chinese inhabitants.

10, pp. 345-64 : Japan [=Japara ?], 28 April 1813. Japan [=Japara ?], and Wirosobo [=Wirasaba]. Copy. Report on these districts by Lieut(t) H. G. Jourdan, Resident. The sub-headings and marginal titles are as follows :-pp. 345-54 : Japan [=Japara ?],; pp. 345-7: Boundaries, Chief place, Soil, Rivers, Mountains ; pp. 347-8: Produce, Indigo, Tobacco, Manufactures, Trade; pp. 348-9 : Population, Character, &c., of the people, Customs [with special reference to marriage, &c.]; pp. 349-50: Animals, Horses, Buffaloes, Bullocks, Poultry ; pp. 350-1: Forests, Climate; pp. 351-4 : Native Authoritres, Priests, Revenues, Bandher [=bandar, markets]; pp. 354-64: Wirosobo [=Wirasaba]; pp. 354-5 : Boundaries, Principal Village rand other villages], Majapeit [=Majapahit] ; pp. 355-6 : Population, Character [of the people] ; pp. 356-9 : Soil, Produce, Rice, Sugar-cane, Tobacco, Rattans, Cotton, Honey and Bees wax, Cabong Casoomo [=kabong kusuma ?], " from which the dye for Carwah is extracted in Bengal," Gundoo [=gĕṇḍon, an edible insect], Pulosahree [=pulasari ?, the bark of Alyxia stellata, Apocyneæ, which is used medicinally], Gamootie & Coyar [=gomuti and coir, cf. 44. 1. infra], Manufactures, Oil, Sugar, Churcoal [=charcoal] ; pp. 359-61 : Trade, Roads, Animals ; p. 361 : Native Authority ; pp. 361-4 : Bandher [=bandar, markets], Revenues [with a special plea for maintaining the high price of opium].